The History of the Wind Power Project in Konagai Town, Nagasaki - From 2004 to the 2020s

The History of the Wind Power Project in Konagai Town, Nagasaki - From 2004 to the 2020s In Konagai Town, Isahaya City, Nagasaki Prefecture, a wind power project has been promoted to revitalize the local economy and spread renewable energy. The project consists of a 300kW first turbine (installed in 1998), a 600kW second turbine (introduced in 2000), and a 600kW third turbine (operational since December 2002), with a total capacity of 1.5MW. Initially, the generated power was used at the Sazanka Highland Picnic Park and Herb Garden in the town, with surplus energy sold to Kyushu Electric Power. In fiscal year 2003, the project generated a record revenue of 2000 million yen from electricity sales, contributing to local tourism. However, in the 2020s, the operational efficiency of the turbines has dropped significantly, with average utilization rates between 8% and 14%. This decline has posed financial challenges, making it difficult to maintain stable revenues. The low utilization is attributed to fluctuating wind conditions and maintenance challenges, with the expected economic benefits not fully realized. Going forward, improving operational efficiency is crucial to sustaining the project. Exploring further use of local resources and expanding renewable energy initiatives are also under consideration as part of the region’s efforts to enhance the effectiveness of wind power utilization.

The History of the Wind Power Project in Konagai Town, Nagasaki - From 2004 to the 2020s

The History of the Wind Power Project in Konagai Town, Nagasaki - From 2004 to the 2020s In Konagai Town, Isahaya City, Nagasaki Prefecture, a wind power project has been promoted to revitalize the local economy and spread renewable energy. The project consists of a 300kW first turbine (installed in 1998), a 600kW second turbine (introduced in 2000), and a 600kW third turbine (operational since December 2002), with a total capacity of 1.5MW. Initially, the generated power was used at the Sazanka Highland Picnic Park and Herb Garden in the town, with surplus energy sold to Kyushu Electric Power. In fiscal year 2003, the project generated a record revenue of 2000 million yen from electricity sales, contributing to local tourism. However, in the 2020s, the operational efficiency of the turbines has dropped significantly, with average utilization rates between 8% and 14%. This decline has posed financial challenges, making it difficult to maintain stable revenues. The low utilization is attributed to fluctuating wind conditions and maintenance challenges, with the expected economic benefits not fully realized. Going forward, improving operational efficiency is crucial to sustaining the project. Exploring further use of local resources and expanding renewable energy initiatives are also under consideration as part of the region’s efforts to enhance the effectiveness of wind power utilization.

■Alongside solar power, wind power is gaining attention as a clean energy source.

■Alongside solar power, wind power is gaining attention as a clean energy source. According to the New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization (NEDO), Japan’s exploitable wind power resources amount to 25 million kilowatts; it is estimated that utilizing all of this could cover 20% of Japan’s annual electricity generation. In recent years, large-scale wind power projects aimed at selling electricity have become increasingly common in some regions, partly as a means of revitalizing local communities. However, on the other hand, examples of installing small-scale wind turbines in homes or commercial buildings—similar to solar power—are still rare. While the lack of established subsidy programs is a major factor, the limited number of domestic manufacturers handling small-scale wind power equipment is also a contributing reason. Amidst this situation, Zephyr Co., Ltd., the company we are introducing here, has shipped a cumulative total of over 15,000 units since it began selling small-scale wind power systems in January 1998. We spoke with Takeshi Sakura from the Marketing Department. ● Small-scale wind power offers opportunities for startups to enter the market. The company was established in June 1997 as a firm specializing in renewable energy products. It was founded by Ryosuke Ito—who previously served as president of Sansui Electric, a manufacturer of amplifiers and other equipment—along with three colleagues after he left the company. Ito had long been interested in the natural environment and sought to launch a business in that field. “While renewable energy encompasses solar, hydro, and wind power, we chose wind power first because ‘there are already many major manufacturers in solar power and solar thermal energy, which puts us at a disadvantage as a startup. On the other hand, hydroelectric power is limited to specific areas due to water rights on rivers, making it a niche business. Therefore, since there were few major manufacturers in the market and no regulatory restrictions on wind power, we decided to target small-scale wind turbines.” We spent seven months preparing between the company’s founding and the product’s market launch in January 1998. During this time, we focused on marketing and product development. The base model for the company’s small wind turbine is the micro wind turbine from Southwest Wind Power (Arizona, USA)—a die-cast aluminum unit with a rated output of 400W at a wind speed of 12.5 m/s. We considered designing the unit from scratch, but due to financial constraints and, more importantly, the time required to develop the necessary expertise regarding durability and safety, we compared products from various manufacturers on the market and selected Southwest’s model, which already had a proven track record of 20,000 units in operation worldwide. Additionally, since small wind turbines are often installed in urban areas and private homes, we wanted to pay close attention to their appearance and form. In that regard, this micro wind turbine was the perfect fit. ● Modified for the Japanese Market and Sold as a Complete Package Southwest Corporation manufactures only the wind turbine units themselves; they do not sell them as pre-assembled components ready for immediate use. We import them in unassembled form and, through various modifications, sell them as the “Zephyr” model. “While some trading companies in Japan import the units directly from Southwest and sell them as-is, I believe we have an advantage in terms of system integration, product warranty, and after-sales service.” The company’s flagship models—the EC0-10, 20, 30, 40, and 50—are hybrid systems combining wind and solar power. They consist of a wind turbine, monocrystalline silicon solar modules (manufactured by Siemens), a battery to store the generated electricity, a controller, a high-efficiency inverter, a switching system that automatically switches to commercial power when eco-generated electricity is insufficient, and roof towers for installing each generator on the roof. They are packaged so that power generation can begin the very day they are installed. For example, the EC020, priced at 434,000 yen per system, combines a 400W wind turbine with a single solar module, resulting in a rated output of 455W. Assuming an average daily wind speed of 6 m/s for 8 hours and a solar module output of 190Wh (daily average), the effective daily power generation is 20kWh. The largest model, the EC0-50 (2,106,800 yen), features four wind turbines and eight solar modules, resulting in a rated output of 2,040W. “Depending on the season, there are times when the wind doesn’t blow much, and solar power generation isn’t possible at night. However, by using a hybrid system, the two sources compensate for each other’s shortcomings, so I believe it is efficient when viewed over the long term.” Additionally, the original product had exposed aluminum, which could develop white rust over time. Furthermore, Japan has regions with harsh weather conditions, such as snow and rain, depending on the area and season. Therefore, taking Japan’s unique installation environments into account, we have applied three layers of a special fluororesin coating (tetrafluoromethyl monomer). This coating is effective against ice and snow buildup, salt damage, and acid rain. On the other hand, while the sound of propellers cutting through the wind is often a concern with wind turbines, this model’s propellers are inherently narrow, so the noise is comparable to the rustling of nearby trees and causes no discomfort. Furthermore, to address the low humming sound generated by the generator inside the unit as it rotates, we have inserted a Zephyr-original vibration-damping coupler—made of the same hard rubber used in Shinkansen railroad ties—between the unit and the mast that secures it. Additionally, when installing the unit on a roof, we place vibration-damping insulators made of the same material between the unit and the roof to suppress resonance. “That said, during typhoons and similar events, the rotation speed increases significantly, so noise will be generated. In such cases, you can use the controller to forcibly slow down the rotation.” ■Starting in September 1999, we also introduced “Eco Insurance,” a facility liability insurance service for our products. This service is provided in partnership with Sumitomo Marine & Fire Insurance and covers up to 50 million yen per incident if the equipment is damaged by a typhoon or similar event and causes harm to a third party. Zephyr covers the full cost of the premium for the first year; users are responsible for the cost starting from the second year if they choose to continue the coverage. “This decision was made based on our assessment that installations in urban areas will continue to increase. While we have never experienced such an accident before, the peace of mind provided by this coverage in case of an emergency is likely a factor contributing to the expansion of adoption.” The company’s wind turbines are also installed on the vessel “Moltz Mermaid II.” While sales were initially focused on residential use, commercial models now account for nearly 60% of shipments. In addition, there are many cases where 10 or 20 units are installed together at a single location. Just the other day, we delivered 30 units to the "Tenshi Land" amusement park in Miyagi Prefecture. Government agencies sometimes request an estimate of how much power the system will generate in advance, and in such cases, we calculate this using wind data from the Japan Meteorological Agency. As for the motivation for installation, commercial users often aim to enhance their corporate image, while residential users frequently install them for hobby-related purposes, such as powering garden lighting or audio equipment. Recently, there has also been a growing demand for standalone emergency power sources in both commercial and residential settings. “In fact, since the major earthquakes in Turkey and Taiwan, we’ve seen a sharp increase in inquiries, particularly from the Tokai region. We’ve also received requests to increase the capacity of batteries and inverters so that rice cookers can be operated.” Geographically, installations are particularly prominent in Hokkaido and Kyushu, regions with favorable wind conditions and a high proportion of single-family homes. More than a year and a half has passed since sales began, and as awareness has grown, inquiries from clients have increased. We currently have a sales network of over 60 authorized dealers nationwide and plan to expand this further. In addition, we sell kits at stores like Tokyu Hands, and some people purchase them with a DIY mindset, assembling and installing them themselves. ■ At present, it is rare to see small wind turbines operating in urban areas. However, in terms of both capacity and price, wind power holds the same potential as solar power. By adopting a hybrid approach like this company’s—where the two technologies complement each other’s shortcomings to enhance overall performance—there is ample potential for wind power to gain widespread adoption alongside solar power. In the small-scale wind turbine sector, where few companies have yet to fully commit to business expansion, this company is steadily solidifying its position.

■クリーンエネルギーとして、太陽光と並び注目されているのが風力発電です。

■クリーンエネルギーとして、太陽光と並び注目されているのが風力発電です。 新エネルギー・産業技術開発機構によれば、日本における開発可能な風力の資源量は2500万キロワットにも及び、これをすべて利用すると日本の年間発電量の20％をカバーできると言われています。 この風力発電では近年、村おこしの側面も含め、一部の地域で大規模設備による売電事業なども盛んになりつつあります。 しかし、その一方で、太陽光発電のように家庭や商業ビルなどで小型風力発電機を設置する例はまだまだ少ないです。 助成制度の未整備などが大きな要因ですが、小型風力発電装置を扱っている国内メーカーが少ないということも一つの理由と言えるでしょう。 そうした中、今回紹介するゼファー株式会社では、98年1月に小型風力発電システムの販売を開始して以来、累計15,000台以上の出荷実績を誇っています。 マーケティング部の佐倉猛さんにお話を伺いました。 ●小型風力発電はベンチャーにも参入のチャンスがあります。 同社は再生可能エネルギーに関連した製品を扱う会社として97年6月に設立されました。 アンプなどを手掛けるサンスイ電機で社長を務めていた伊藤瞭介さんが退社後、以前から興味のあった自然環境関連のビジネスを手掛けたいと模索する中、仲間3人と立ち上げた会社です。 再生可能なエネルギーといっても太陽光や水力、風力などがありますが、その中からまず風力を選んだ理由は、「太陽光発電や太陽熱利用はすでに大手メーカーも多数存在しており、ベンチャー企業として参入するには不利な部分があります。 一方、水力発電も河川では水利権などがあり一部分の対象に向けてしか商売になりません。 そこでまだ大手メーカーの参入も少なく、また風に対しては規制などの縛りもないことから、小型の風力発電機をターゲットとしました」。 会社設立から製品がマーケットインした98年1月までの準備期間として7カ月を費やしました。 この間に、マーケティングや製品開発などを行ないました。 同社の小型風力発電機本体のベースとなっているのは、米・サウスウエスト社（アリゾナ州）のマイクロ風車（アルミダイキャスト製、風速12.5m/s時定格出力400W）です。 ゼロからの設計も考えましたが、資金的な問題はもちろん、なによりも耐久性や安全性などノウハウの部分で時間がかかりそうだったため、市場中のさまざまなメーカーの製品を比較し、すでに世界各所で2万基の実働実績を持つサウスウエスト社のものを選択しました。 また、小型風力発電機は町中や一般の家に設置することも多いため、外観やフォルムにもこだわりたかったです。 そういった面でも、このマイクロ風車はぴったりでした。 ●日本向けに仕様変更、パッケージ化して販売サウスウエスト社では、風力発電機本体のみを製造しており、買ったその日からすぐに使えるようにコンポーネント化して販売しているわけではありません。 それを組み立てていない状態で輸入し、さまざまな工夫を凝らしてゼファー仕様として販売しています。 「日本でも商社的にサウスウエスト社から本体を輸入し、そのまま販売しているところもありますが、システムの構築や製品保証、そしてアフターサービスの点でアドバンテージはあると思います」。 同社で主力として販売しているEC0-10、20、30、40、50は風力と太陽光をハイブリッドしたシステムです。 風力発電機、単結晶シリコン太陽電池モジュール（シーメンス社製）、発電した電気を蓄電するバッテリー、コントローラ、高効率インバータ、エコ発電の電気が不足した場合に商用電気に自動的に切り替えるスイッチングシステム、各発電機を屋根に設置するためのルーフタワーなどで構成され、設置したその日から発電できるようにパッケージ化されています。 例えば1システム43万4000円のEC020は、風力発電400Wに、太陽電池モジュール1基を加え定格出力は455Wです。 1日6m/s8時間、太陽電池モジュール190Wh（1日平均）の場合、実効発電量は20kwhになります。 最大のEC0-50（210万6800円）では風力発電機4基、太陽電池モジュール8基で定格出力は2040Wにもなります。 「時期によっては風があまり吹かない時もありますし、また夜は太陽光発電はできません。 しかしハイブリッドすることで互いに欠点を補いあうことができますので、長いスパンでみれば効率的だと思います」。 また、もともとの製品はアルミがむき出しの状態で、使っている内に白いサビなどがでることがありました。 また日本は地方や四季によって雪や雨など天候が厳しいところもあります。 そのため日本独特の設置環境を配慮し、特殊フッ素樹脂系塗装（四フッ化モノマー）を3層に塗布しています。 防着氷雪、耐塩、耐酸性雨などにも効果を発揮します。 一方、風力発電というとプロペラの風切り音などが気になるところですが、同機はもともとプロペラの幅が小さいため、周辺で木々がざわめく音と同じくらいのレベルで不快感はありません。 その上でさらに、本体の中の発電機が回転する際に発する低い唸り音についても、本体とそれを固定するマストとの間に、新幹線の枕木などに使われている硬質ゴムで作られたゼファーオリジナルの防振カプラーを挟んでいます。 また屋根に設置する場合には屋根との間にも同様な材質でできた防振インシュレーターを入れ、共振を抑えています。 「とはいっても、台風などの場合にはかなり回転数が上がりますので音はします。 そういった場合にはコントローラで強制的に回転をゆっくりにすることもできます」 ■99年9月からは、製品に対する施設賠償責任保険サービス「エコ保険」も導入しました。 住友海上火災保険と提携したもので、台風などで装置が破損し第三者に損害を与えた場合、1件につき最高5000万円までを保証します。 保険料は初年度はゼファーが全額負担し、2年目以降継続する場合はユーザー負担となります。 「今後市街地に設置するケースがますます増加するとの判断から。 これまでこうした事故が起きたことはありませんが、万が一に備えての安心感も普及拡大の一因となるのではないでしょうか」。 船舶「モルツマーメイド2世号」にも同社の風力発電機が搭載されています。 当初は家庭向けの販売が多かったですが、最近では業務用が出荷台数の6割近くを占めるとのことです。 また、1カ所で10基、20基とまとめて設置するケースも多くあります。 先日も宮城県にある遊園地「天使ランド」に30基を納入しています。 官公庁では事前にどれだけ発電するのか目安として提示して欲しいという場合もあり、そうした際には気象庁の風況データを利用して算出するなどの対応もしています。 導入の動機としては、業務用であればイメージアップ効果を狙ったもの、家庭向けではガーデニングの照明電源、オーディオの電源といった趣味の部分で導入することが多いです。 また最近、業務用、家庭用ともに増えているのが独立型の緊急用電源としてのニーズです。 「実際、トルコや台湾での大震災以降、とくに東海地方からのお問い合わせが急増しています。 炊飯器を動かせるようにバッテリー、インバータの容量を大きくしたいという要望もありました」。 地域的には風況に優れ、一戸建ての比率も多い北海道、九州地区での導入が目立っています。 販売開始から1年半以上が経過し、認知度が高まってきたこともあり、クライアントの方からの問い合わせも増えていますが、特約店契約を結んだ全国60店以上の販売チャンネルを持っており、今後も増やしていく予定です。 そのほか、東急ハンズなどでキットとしての販売もしており、日曜大工感覚で購入し、自分で組み立て設置する人もいます。 ■今のところ、町中で小型風力発電機が動いているのを目にすることはほとんどありません。 しかし、能力的にも、価格的にも風力発電は太陽光発電と同等の可能性を秘めています。 同社のようにハイブリッドすることで、お互いの欠点を補い合い能力を高める方向でいけば、太陽光発電と合わせて普及していく可能性は十分にあります。 いまだ本格的に事業展開する企業が少ない小型風力発電機の分野で、同社は着実にその地位を固めつつあります。

Matsumoto City, Nagano Prefecture – Hazardous Waste Burial Incident – July 2001

Matsumoto City, Nagano Prefecture – Hazardous Waste Burial Incident – July 2001 An incident was uncovered in which approximately 1,570 tons of hazardous waste had been illegally buried on the outskirts of Matsumoto City, Nagano Prefecture. Of this amount, approximately 650 tons consisted of hazardous materials containing high concentrations of PCBs, and PCB levels approximately 120 times the standard limit were detected in the groundwater. Seventy local households have raised concerns about potential health risks, and it has been confirmed that 15 people are suffering from respiratory diseases and fatigue. The contractor responsible for the burial was "Matsumoto Industrial Waste Recycling," which forged disposal certificates and buried the waste between 1995 and 2000. In response, Nagano Prefecture began the removal of the waste and the purification of the groundwater, allocating a budget of approximately 650 million yen. The groundwater purification project is proceeding with the goal of reducing contamination levels by more than 90% by 2023. Additionally, the contractor is expected to be fined 250 million yen and sentenced to three years in prison. This incident has highlighted deficiencies in the waste management system, and measures to prevent recurrence—such as strengthening monitoring systems and mandating on-site inspections—are currently under discussion.

長野県松本市 - 有害廃棄物埋設事件 - 2001年7月

長野県松本市 - 有害廃棄物埋設事件 - 2001年7月 長野県松本市郊外で、約1570トンの有害廃棄物が違法に埋設されていた事件が発覚しました。そのうち約650トンは高濃度PCBを含む危険物で、地下水から基準値の約120倍のPCBが検出されました。現地住民70世帯が健康被害の可能性を訴え、15名が呼吸器疾患や倦怠感を抱えていることが確認されています。埋設を行っていた業者は「松本産廃リサイクル」で、処理証明書を偽造し、1995年から2000年にかけて廃棄物を埋設していました。 これを受け、長野県は廃棄物の撤去と地下水の浄化を開始し、約6億5000万円の予算を計上。地下水浄化は2023年までに汚染濃度を90%以上削減する計画で進められています。また、業者には罰金2億5000万円と懲役3年が科される見込みです。この事件は廃棄物管理体制の不備を浮き彫りにし、再発防止策として監視体制の強化や現地検査の義務化が議論されています。

●Global Environmental Issues and the Economy: Three Key Relationships

●Global Environmental Issues and the Economy: Three Key Relationships The primary causes of global environmental issues include population growth, prosperity in the North and poverty in the South, expanding financial markets, the evolution of material civilization, national borders, the capitalist system, and international and domestic laws. As a result, phenomena such as desertification, global warming, the depletion of natural resources , marine pollution, air, water, and soil pollution, ozone layer depletion, and extreme weather events are occurring. <Global Environment → Economy> Such global environmental issues naturally cast a significant shadow over the economy. For example, considering just one aspect—extreme weather— whether it be a cold summer or a heat wave, they cause significant damage to crop yields and trigger a surge in grain prices. This is a major economic issue, and it exacerbates the problem even further in a situation like the present, where grain production is concentrated in North America. <Economy → Global Environment> However, the relationship between the global environment and the economy is not that simple. Just as environmental issues have a major impact on the economy, the economy, in turn, exerts a significant influence on the global environment. For instance, the exploitation of natural resources in the Global South by the Global North is striking. The wealthy nations of the North continue to use vast amounts of capital to purchase food—a bounty from the land and oceans—as well as forest resources, oil, and natural gas from the nations of the South. <Economic Growth Has Its Limits> It could be described as a chicken-and-egg situation—which came first—but the two-way flow, where environmental issues affect the economy and the economy affects environmental issues, has spiraled upward. At this stage, it has reached a point where future economic growth is limited without consideration for the global environment. For this reason, the phrase “how to achieve sustainable growth” has taken on great significance. As a useful strategy for achieving sustainable growth, for example, similar to the grain production mentioned earlier, there is a method from a global perspective that avoids fixing the world’s food production in specific regions. This means respecting the uniqueness of each region and increasing food self-sufficiency. In addition to this, several strategies for sustainable growth have been , but local currencies are considered a highly effective method for breaking the current deadlock. It is generally said that “when a single currency circulates, the regional economies that make up the economic sphere tend to shrink.” The current financial landscape is described as a unipolar dominance by the dollar, and the result is an extreme concentration of wealth. Prosperity in the North. The North-South divide—with the North’s abundance and the South’s poverty—has long been a concern, yet there is no prospect of improvement; on the contrary, the gap seems to be widening. Since the dollar accounts for 65% of foreign exchange reserves, 40% of investment currencies, 42% of currencies traded in the foreign exchange market, and 48% of global trade, calling it a “monopoly” might be an exaggeration. However, since the are dispersed, so it can still be described as a dollar-based system. Here, let’s consider the implications of this single currency and regional contraction. To simplify the explanation, let’s assume there are two countries, Country A and Country B. Country A produces pumpkins, and Country B consumes them. Furthermore, Country A produces nothing other than pumpkins, and all consumption depends on Country B (see figure above). Harvest time has arrived. Country A harvests 100 kg of pumpkins, and it is generally said that “when the currency in circulation is a single one, the regional economies that make up the economic zone tend to shrink.” The current financial situation is often described as a dollar-dominated monopoly, and has resulted in extreme concentration of wealth. The North-South divide— with the North being prosperous and the South impoverished—has long been an issue, yet there is no prospect of improvement; on the contrary, the disparity appears to be widening. The dollar accounts for 65% of foreign exchange reserves, 40% of investment currencies, 42% of currencies traded in the foreign exchange market, , so calling it a “monopoly” might be an exaggeration. However, since the shares of currencies other than the dollar are dispersed, we can still say it is a dollar-based system. Here, let’s consider the implications of this single currency and regional stagnation. To simplify the explanation, let’s assume there are two countries, Country A and Country B. Country A produces pumpkins, while Country B consumes them. Furthermore, Country A produces nothing other than pumpkins, and all consumption in Country A depends entirely on Country B (see figure above). Harvest time has arrived. Country A harvested 100 kg of pumpkins. 100 kg of pumpkins is worth 1 million yen. Country A exported the pumpkins to Country B and received 1 million yen. However, this 1 million yen is used to cover the costs of cultivating pumpkins for consumption over the next year and to support the livelihoods of the people in Country A. Under these conditions, this 1 million yen is entirely used to import consumer goods from Country B, and the full amount is paid to Country A as payment for the purchase of consumer goods. Since this example is based on the condition that all consumption is borne by Country B, the reality may not be quite so extreme, but it is generally true

●地球環境問題と経済、3つの関係

●地球環境問題と経済、3つの関係 地球環境問題の主な原因として、人口増加、北の豊穣． 南の貧困、拡大する金融 市場、物質文明の進化、 国家の垣根、資本主義制 度、国際国内法などがあ げられています。その結 果として、砂漠化、温暖 化、森林などの天然資源 の枯渇、海洋汚染、大 気・水・土壌汚染、オゾ ン屑の破壊、異常気象な どの現象が起きていま す。 ＜地球環境→経済＞ このような地球環境問 題は、当然ながら経済に 大きな影轡を及ぽしま す。たとえば、異常気象 `' ひとつをとってみても、 冷夏でであれ、酷暑であれ、農作物の収穫に大きな被害が もたらされ、穀物の高騰を引き起こします。これは大きな 経済問題であり、現在のように北米に穀物生産が集中して いる状態ではさらに問題を大きくします。 ＜経済→地球環境＞ しかし、地球環境と経済の関係は、そう簡単ではありま せん。環境問題が経済に大きな影響を与えるのと同様に、 経済もまた大きな影響を地球環境にあたえています。 たとえば、北の国々による南の国々の持つ天然資源の収 奪は顕著です。豊かな北の国々は、南の国々から、大地、 海洋からの恵みである食料、森林資源、石油・天然ガスを 巨大なマネーをもって購入し続けています。 ＜経済成長は限界＞ どちらが先か、にわとりと卵の関係といえばいえます が、地球環境問題→経済へ影響する、経済→地球環境問題 ヘ影響するという双方の流れがスパイラルアップし、もう 現段階では、地球環境への配慮なくしては将来の経済成長 も限界があるという状態になってきています。このため に、どのように持続的成長を果たしていくか、という言葉 が大きな意味をもってきます。 持続的成長を実現するために有用な方策としては、たと えば、さきにあげた穀物生産のように、グローバルな視点 で地球上の食料工場を地域に固定化させない方法もありま す。各地城の独自性を尊重し、食料の自給率を高める、と いうことです。 このほか持続的成長のための方策はいくつも試みられて いますが、現状を打開する方法として、地域マネーはかな り有効な方法だと思われます。 一般的には「流通する通貨が単ーである場合、経済圏を 構成する地域経済は萎縮する傾向がある。」といわれてい ます。 現在の金融事情はドルによる一極支配ともいわれ、その 結果が極端な富の集中化をもたらしています。北の豊穣． 南の貧困という南北問題は以前から問題になっているのに 一向に改善の見通しはなく、かえって格差が広がっていく 傾向にあるようです。 ドルは外貨準備高としては65% 、投資通貨としては40 ％、為替市場における取引通貨としては42% 、世界貿易に おいては48％のシェアをしめていますから、一極支配とい うのは大げさかもしれません。ですが、ドル以外の通貨の 比率は分散していますから、やはり、ドル本位制といえま しょう。ここではこの単一通貨と地域萎縮の意味を考えて みましょう。 説明の単純化のために、ここにA 国とB 国があり、A国 ではかぽちゃを生産し、B 国ではこれを消費するとしま す。また、A 国ではかぽちゃ以外の生産物はなく、A国で の消費はすべてB 国に依存するとします（上図）。 収穫期が来ました。A 国では100kgのかぽちゃを収穫し 一般的には「流通する通貨が単ーである場合、経済圏を 構成する地域経済は萎縮する傾向がある。」といわれてい ます。 現在の金融事情はドルによる一極支配ともいわれ、その 結果が極端な富の集中化をもたらしています。北の豊穣． 南の貧困という南北問題は以前から問題になっているのに 一向に改善の見通しはなく、かえって格差が広がっていく 傾向にあるようです。 ドルは外貨準備高としては65% 、投資通貨としては40 ％、為替市場における取引通貨としては42% 、世界貿易に おいては48％のシェアをしめていますから、一極支配とい うのは大げさかもしれません。ですが、ドル以外の通貨の 比率は分散していますから、やはり、ドル本位制といえま しょう。ここではこの単一通貨と地域萎縮の意味を考えて みましょう。 説明の単純化のために、ここにA 国とB 国があり、A国 ではかぽちゃを生産し、B 国ではこれを消費するとしま す。また、A 国ではかぽちゃ以外の生産物はなく、A国で の消費はすべてB 国に依存するとします（上図）。 収穫期が来ました。A 国では100kgのかぽちゃを収穫しました。１００ｋｇのかぼちゃは１００万円です。A国はB国へかぼちゃを輸出し、１００万円を受領しました。 ただし、この100 万円は、今後一年間 の消費かぼちゃを栽培 するための経費やA国の ひとびとが生活をするた めのお金です。条件に よって、この100 万円は すべてB 国から消費物資 を輸入し、その全額がA 国へ消費物資購入代金と して支払われます。 この例は消費をすべて B 国に負う、という条件 なので、実際はそんなに 極端ではないかもしれま せんが、B 国の消費が都 自給率は地域マネーで 市型のものになるにつれ て、A 国にたいする消費 依存度は高くなる、とい うことは一般的にいえる と思います。 次に、条件を加えます。A国は、「円」という共通通貨 の他に「エコ」という地域マネーをもちます。「1 エコ＝ 1 円J. さて、かぽちゃの収穫期がきました。A 国の収穫は、昨 年と変わらず100kgです。ここで、B 国は80kgのみ入手 し、80 万円をA国に支払います。残り20迎はA国の国内消 費分として20万エコと交換されます。ただし、ここで重要 なことがあります。それは、最初の条件でA国にはろくな 産業もなく、すべての生活必需物資をB 国から輸入してい る、という条件です。地域マネー「エコ」を20 万エコとす れば、この20万エコに相当する生活必需物資をA国は自力 で生産しなければなりません。 地域マネーのすごさはここからです。80kgの代金、80万 円はB国からの消費物資に消えてしまいます。が、20此分 の代金20万エコは、自国内に残ります。地域マネーの制度 では、地域マネーというお金がある限り、物と物との取 引、流通があります。A国の経済が100 万円だとして、も し、一方的にB 国から取引を切られたとしても、20万エコ だけは損害を防げるというわけです。しかも、自給率を商 めれば高めるほど、この20万エコは増えていきますから、 さらに安定した経済システムを組むこともできるというわけです。

Illegal Dumping Problem at Naminoue Beach in Naha City, Okinawa Prefecture - 2023

Illegal Dumping Problem at Naminoue Beach in Naha City, Okinawa Prefecture - 2023 Illegal dumping of household and industrial waste is on the rise around Naminoue Beach in Naha City, Okinawa Prefecture. An investigation uncovered approximately 2 tons of plastic products and 500 kilograms of construction debris, raising concerns about marine pollution and ecological damage caused by the leakage of hazardous chemicals. While the city is installing surveillance cameras and stepping up public awareness campaigns, it is also considering fines and business suspensions for companies suspected of involvement, such as XX Construction and △△ Industries.

沖縄県那覇市波の上ビーチにおける不法投棄問題 - 2023年

沖縄県那覇市波の上ビーチにおける不法投棄問題 - 2023年 沖縄県那覇市の波の上ビーチ周辺で、家庭ごみや産業廃棄物の不法投棄が増加しています。調査により約2トンのプラスチック製品と500キログラムの建設廃材が発見され、有害化学物質の流出による海洋汚染や生態系への影響が懸念されています。市は監視カメラを設置し、啓発活動を強化する一方、関与が疑われる〇〇建設や△△工業などの業者に対し、罰金や営業停止を検討しています。

History and Development of Wind Power Generation in Japan: From the 2000s to the 2020s

History and Development of Wind Power Generation in Japan: From the 2000s to the 2020s --- ### 2000s: The Introduction Phase of Wind Power Generation The introduction of wind power generation in Japan began in the early 2000s, with Akita Prefecture, Chiba Prefecture, and Ehime Prefecture becoming notable pioneering regions. In 2003, a wind power plant in Noshiro City, Akita Prefecture, commenced operations with 24 turbines, supplying a total of 14400 kW of electricity. Additionally, wind turbines were installed in Byobugaura, Choshi City, Chiba Prefecture, contributing to the supply of clean energy. During the 2000s, wind power generation garnered attention as a sustainable energy source, and local governments and companies actively pursued its introduction. Notably, Japan Natural Energy Company provided a Green Power Certificate system, which certifies the environmental value of wind power to companies, reducing environmental impact due to energy consumption. Such initiatives impacted local economies by creating jobs and revitalizing surrounding communities. ### 2010s: Technological Innovation and Efficiency By the 2010s, wind turbine technology had advanced significantly, with larger blades and improved power generation efficiency. As a result, domestic wind power generation in Japan achieved higher power output with fewer turbines, while also reducing installation and maintenance costs. During this period, Noshiro City in Akita Prefecture saw the introduction of turbines with an average power generation capacity of 600kW per unit, playing a crucial role in the region's energy supply. Furthermore, Japan Natural Energy Company marketed electricity generated from wind power as Green Power Certificates in Choshi City, Chiba Prefecture, supporting renewable energy adoption and CO₂ reduction. ### 2020s: Offshore Wind Power and Accelerated Movement Toward a Sustainable Society The 2020s marked a major turning point for wind power generation in Japan. Large offshore wind power projects were launched mainly in the Tohoku region and Hokkaido, with Noshiro City in Akita Prefecture, Rokkasho Village in Aomori Prefecture, and Tomamae Town in Hokkaido becoming central hubs. In Noshiro City and Akita Port in Akita Prefecture, large-scale offshore wind power facilities were established with a total output of 1.4 million kW, involving companies such as Tokyo Electric Power Holdings and Tohoku Electric Power. Each turbine uses a high-power 9.5MW model, maximizing power generation efficiency. Simultaneously, Mitsubishi Heavy Industries and the Dutch offshore wind development company Ocean Winds partnered to introduce a 12MW turbine, one of the largest in Japan. The turbine features blades over 100 meters in length, enabling it to efficiently capture wind across a wide area. This allows for increased power generation while reducing the number of turbines and maintenance costs. Additionally, the linkage between wind power generation and hydrogen production progressed in the 2020s. The "Hydrogen Valley Concept" in Tomamae Town, Hokkaido, uses electricity generated by wind power to electrolyze water and produce green hydrogen. This project, involving Hokkaido Electric Power Company and Kawasaki Heavy Industries, aims to produce 10000 tons of hydrogen annually, contributing to local industry and transportation fuel and improving energy self-sufficiency. ### Future Prospects: Advancing with Local Communities The Japanese government has set a goal to achieve carbon neutrality by 2050, positioning wind power as a key pillar of renewable energy. The policy aims to increase the renewable energy ratio to 36-38% by 2030, with wind power expected to account for 10% of that. Laws, such as the "Renewable Energy Marine Utilization Act," and infrastructure support also provide a supportive framework for offshore wind power. In the late 2020s, 3.9MW-class wind turbines were installed offshore near Choshi City, Chiba Prefecture, by Sumitomo Corporation and Kyudenko, contributing to the economic revitalization of the area. The Choshi offshore wind power project is expected to exceed 50MW in total output, with CO₂ reduction effects projected to surpass 30000 tons annually. Maintenance facilities near Choshi Port have been established, further supporting local job creation. However, while wind power generation is progressing, there are still challenges such as forming agreements with residents, conducting environmental impact assessments, noise, visual impact, and increased maintenance costs during winter snow conditions. In Akita Prefecture, regular resident information sessions are held to share the benefits and challenges of wind power generation, aiming for a sustainable energy society together. --- **Summary** The history of wind power generation from the 2000s to the 2020s reflects technological innovation and the journey toward a sustainable society. The cases of Noshiro City in Akita Prefecture, Choshi City in Chiba Prefecture, and Tomamae Town in Hokkaido are noted as model cases that have balanced the expansion of wind power generation with local revitalization in Japan. As wind power generation becomes deeply rooted in local communities and industries, further development is anticipated on both technological and societal fronts.

History and Development of Wind Power Generation in Japan: From the 2000s to the 2020s

History and Development of Wind Power Generation in Japan: From the 2000s to the 2020s --- ### 2000s: The Introduction Phase of Wind Power Generation The introduction of wind power generation in Japan began in the early 2000s, with Akita Prefecture, Chiba Prefecture, and Ehime Prefecture becoming notable pioneering regions. In 2003, a wind power plant in Noshiro City, Akita Prefecture, commenced operations with 24 turbines, supplying a total of 14400 kW of electricity. Additionally, wind turbines were installed in Byobugaura, Choshi City, Chiba Prefecture, contributing to the supply of clean energy. During the 2000s, wind power generation garnered attention as a sustainable energy source, and local governments and companies actively pursued its introduction. Notably, Japan Natural Energy Company provided a Green Power Certificate system, which certifies the environmental value of wind power to companies, reducing environmental impact due to energy consumption. Such initiatives impacted local economies by creating jobs and revitalizing surrounding communities. ### 2010s: Technological Innovation and Efficiency By the 2010s, wind turbine technology had advanced significantly, with larger blades and improved power generation efficiency. As a result, domestic wind power generation in Japan achieved higher power output with fewer turbines, while also reducing installation and maintenance costs. During this period, Noshiro City in Akita Prefecture saw the introduction of turbines with an average power generation capacity of 600kW per unit, playing a crucial role in the region's energy supply. Furthermore, Japan Natural Energy Company marketed electricity generated from wind power as Green Power Certificates in Choshi City, Chiba Prefecture, supporting renewable energy adoption and CO₂ reduction. ### 2020s: Offshore Wind Power and Accelerated Movement Toward a Sustainable Society The 2020s marked a major turning point for wind power generation in Japan. Large offshore wind power projects were launched mainly in the Tohoku region and Hokkaido, with Noshiro City in Akita Prefecture, Rokkasho Village in Aomori Prefecture, and Tomamae Town in Hokkaido becoming central hubs. In Noshiro City and Akita Port in Akita Prefecture, large-scale offshore wind power facilities were established with a total output of 1.4 million kW, involving companies such as Tokyo Electric Power Holdings and Tohoku Electric Power. Each turbine uses a high-power 9.5MW model, maximizing power generation efficiency. Simultaneously, Mitsubishi Heavy Industries and the Dutch offshore wind development company Ocean Winds partnered to introduce a 12MW turbine, one of the largest in Japan. The turbine features blades over 100 meters in length, enabling it to efficiently capture wind across a wide area. This allows for increased power generation while reducing the number of turbines and maintenance costs. Additionally, the linkage between wind power generation and hydrogen production progressed in the 2020s. The "Hydrogen Valley Concept" in Tomamae Town, Hokkaido, uses electricity generated by wind power to electrolyze water and produce green hydrogen. This project, involving Hokkaido Electric Power Company and Kawasaki Heavy Industries, aims to produce 10000 tons of hydrogen annually, contributing to local industry and transportation fuel and improving energy self-sufficiency. ### Future Prospects: Advancing with Local Communities The Japanese government has set a goal to achieve carbon neutrality by 2050, positioning wind power as a key pillar of renewable energy. The policy aims to increase the renewable energy ratio to 36-38% by 2030, with wind power expected to account for 10% of that. Laws, such as the "Renewable Energy Marine Utilization Act," and infrastructure support also provide a supportive framework for offshore wind power. In the late 2020s, 3.9MW-class wind turbines were installed offshore near Choshi City, Chiba Prefecture, by Sumitomo Corporation and Kyudenko, contributing to the economic revitalization of the area. The Choshi offshore wind power project is expected to exceed 50MW in total output, with CO₂ reduction effects projected to surpass 30000 tons annually. Maintenance facilities near Choshi Port have been established, further supporting local job creation. However, while wind power generation is progressing, there are still challenges such as forming agreements with residents, conducting environmental impact assessments, noise, visual impact, and increased maintenance costs during winter snow conditions. In Akita Prefecture, regular resident information sessions are held to share the benefits and challenges of wind power generation, aiming for a sustainable energy society together. --- **Summary** The history of wind power generation from the 2000s to the 2020s reflects technological innovation and the journey toward a sustainable society. The cases of Noshiro City in Akita Prefecture, Choshi City in Chiba Prefecture, and Tomamae Town in Hokkaido are noted as model cases that have balanced the expansion of wind power generation with local revitalization in Japan. As wind power generation becomes deeply rooted in local communities and industries, further development is anticipated on both technological and societal fronts.

North Sea Conservation Conference Strengthens Waste Disposal Regulations - August 1995

North Sea Conservation Conference Strengthens Waste Disposal Regulations - August 1995 In 1995, the North Sea Conservation Conference reached an agreement to completely ban the disposal of hazardous waste into the North Sea by 2020. This agreement aims to significantly reduce the approximately 10000 tons of toxic waste currently being dumped annually into the North Sea. Targeted waste includes heavy metals such as lead, mercury, cadmium, and highly toxic chemical substances like PCBs (polychlorinated biphenyls) and dioxins, which have severe adverse effects on marine ecosystems, particularly burdening fishery resources. Countries along the North Sea, including France, Germany, Denmark, the Netherlands, and Norway, are committed to reducing waste disposal in stages by 2020, ultimately reaching zero disposal. However, the UK, under pressure from major chemical companies such as ICI (Imperial Chemical Industries) and Union Carbide, as well as pharmaceutical companies, declined to sign this agreement for a complete halt to disposal. Consequently, the UK may continue to dispose of approximately 2000 tons of waste annually in the North Sea. This agreement is expected to significantly improve water quality in the North Sea. France and Germany have announced plans to allocate 500 million euros (about 650 billion yen) to establish recycling facilities for waste. Additionally, the Norwegian government plans to invest 10 million euros (about 1.3 billion yen) annually in waste treatment technology development, aiming to reach zero marine disposal. These efforts to protect the North Sea are anticipated to have positive impacts on the preservation of fishery resources and tourism. At the same time, the chemical industry faces the challenge of transitioning to sustainable operations, including waste recycling and safe treatment processes.

North Sea Conservation Conference Strengthens Waste Disposal Regulations - August 1995

North Sea Conservation Conference Strengthens Waste Disposal Regulations - August 1995 In 1995, the North Sea Conservation Conference reached an agreement to completely ban the disposal of hazardous waste into the North Sea by 2020. This agreement aims to significantly reduce the approximately 10000 tons of toxic waste currently being dumped annually into the North Sea. Targeted waste includes heavy metals such as lead, mercury, cadmium, and highly toxic chemical substances like PCBs (polychlorinated biphenyls) and dioxins, which have severe adverse effects on marine ecosystems, particularly burdening fishery resources. Countries along the North Sea, including France, Germany, Denmark, the Netherlands, and Norway, are committed to reducing waste disposal in stages by 2020, ultimately reaching zero disposal. However, the UK, under pressure from major chemical companies such as ICI (Imperial Chemical Industries) and Union Carbide, as well as pharmaceutical companies, declined to sign this agreement for a complete halt to disposal. Consequently, the UK may continue to dispose of approximately 2000 tons of waste annually in the North Sea. This agreement is expected to significantly improve water quality in the North Sea. France and Germany have announced plans to allocate 500 million euros (about 650 billion yen) to establish recycling facilities for waste. Additionally, the Norwegian government plans to invest 10 million euros (about 1.3 billion yen) annually in waste treatment technology development, aiming to reach zero marine disposal. These efforts to protect the North Sea are anticipated to have positive impacts on the preservation of fishery resources and tourism. At the same time, the chemical industry faces the challenge of transitioning to sustainable operations, including waste recycling and safe treatment processes.

History and Current Status of Hokkaido Gas’s Natural Gas Conversion (1996–2020s)

History and Current Status of Hokkaido Gas’s Natural Gas Conversion (1996–2020s) 1996: Start of Natural Gas Conversion On May 9, 1996, Hokkaido Gas (Hokkaido Gas) began work to convert city gas to natural gas in Atsubetsu Ward, Sapporo. The plan was to utilize natural gas produced in Hokkaido from the Yufutsu Gas Field in Tomakomai City and complete the conversion for approximately 500,000 households in Sapporo by 2006. Natural gas was recognized as a clean energy source because it emits less carbon dioxide and sulfur oxides than oil or coal. Through this plan, Hokkaido Gas aimed to reduce the environmental impact and improve energy efficiency across the entire city. 2000s: Progress in Conversion and Strengthening of the Supply Infrastructure In 2002, the natural gas conversion in the Chitose district was completed. In 2003, the natural gas pipeline known as the “Sapporo-Otaru Trunk Line” was completed, strengthening the supply infrastructure from Sapporo to Otaru. On June 10, 2005, conversion work was completed throughout Sapporo City, with approximately 460,000 households switching to natural gas supply. Subsequently, conversion was completed in the Otaru area (2005) and the Hakodate area (2006), achieving the conversion to natural gas in all major supply areas. 2010s: Expansion of Supply Areas and Introduction of New Technologies In the 2010s, to advance the conversion in the Kitami area, the Kitami LNG Satellite Terminal began operations in 2009. This enabled the start of natural gas supply in Kitami City. In addition, the “Isaribi LNG Terminal” began operations at Isaribi Bay New Port in 2012. This enabled the stable import and supply of LNG (liquefied natural gas), significantly strengthening the energy infrastructure of the entire region. With a capacity to handle 2 million tons of LNG annually, this terminal marked a major turning point in the expansion of natural gas throughout Hokkaido. Furthermore, in 2016, the company entered the retail electricity market, establishing an integrated energy supply system combining gas and electricity. Hokkaido Gas diversified its energy supply, providing energy solutions for businesses and factories in addition to residential services. The 2020s: Initiatives Toward Carbon Neutrality In February 2021, Hokkaido Gas signed a purchase agreement for carbon-neutral LNG with Mitsui & Co., Ltd., becoming the first in Hokkaido to introduce carbon-neutral LNG. Through this initiative, the company sought to reduce CO₂ emissions from natural gas use while working toward the realization of a sustainable society. Furthermore, on January 25, 2023, city gas supply reached a record high of 4,252,079 cubic meters (equivalent to 45 megajoules). This record supply was driven by increased demand for heating, hot water, and snow melting across the region. Summary Since its inception in 1996, Hokkaido Gas’s natural gas conversion program has contributed significantly to the sustainable energy supply of the region, including Sapporo City, for over 25 years. In particular, initiatives to reduce environmental impact—such as the expansion of the supply infrastructure, the construction of LNG terminals, and the introduction of carbon-neutral LNG since the 2010s—have played a crucial role in energy policy across Hokkaido.

北海道ガスの天然ガス転換の歴史と現状（1996年～2020年代）

北海道ガスの天然ガス転換の歴史と現状（1996年～2020年代） 1996年：天然ガス転換の開始 1996年5月9日、北海道ガス（北ガス）は札幌市厚別区から都市ガスを天然ガスに転換する作業を開始しました。苫小牧市の勇払ガス田で産出される北海道産の天然ガスを利用し、2006年までに札幌市内約50万戸を対象に転換を完了する計画でした。天然ガスは石油や石炭に比べて二酸化炭素や硫黄酸化物の排出が少なく、クリーンなエネルギー源として注目されました。北ガスはこの計画を通じて、都市全域での環境負荷軽減とエネルギー効率化を目指しました。 2000年代：転換作業の進展と供給基盤の強化 2002年には千歳地区での天然ガス転換が完了。2003年には「札樽幹線」と呼ばれる天然ガスパイプラインが完成し、札幌から小樽までの供給基盤が強化されました。2005年6月10日には札幌市全域での転換作業が完了し、約46万戸が天然ガス供給に切り替わりました。その後、小樽地区（2005年）や函館地区（2006年）でも作業が完了し、主要供給エリアの天然ガス化が実現しました。 2010年代：供給エリアの拡大と新技術の導入 2010年代には、北見地区での転換を進めるために2009年に北見LNGサテライト基地が操業を開始。これにより、北見市でも天然ガス供給が開始されました。また、2012年には石狩湾新港に「石狩LNG基地」が稼働開始。LNG（液化天然ガス）の安定的な輸入と供給が可能となり、地域全体のエネルギー基盤が大幅に強化されました。この基地は、年間200万トンのLNGを取り扱う能力を持ち、北海道内での天然ガス普及の大きな転機となりました。 さらに、2016年からは電力小売事業に参入し、ガス・電気の一体的なエネルギー供給体制を確立。北ガスはエネルギー供給の多角化を進め、家庭向けサービスに加え、事業所や工場向けのエネルギーソリューションを提供しました。 2020年代：カーボンニュートラルへの取り組み 2021年2月、北ガスは三井物産株式会社とカーボンニュートラルLNGの売買契約を締結し、北海道で初めてカーボンニュートラルLNGを導入しました。これにより、天然ガス利用によるCO₂排出量の削減に取り組むとともに、持続可能な社会の実現を目指しました。 また、2023年1月25日には都市ガス供給量が過去最大の4252079立方メートル（45メガジュール換算）を記録。この記録的な供給量は、地域全体の暖房、給湯、融雪需要の増加が背景にあります。 まとめ 北海道ガスの天然ガス転換は、1996年の開始から25年以上にわたり、札幌市をはじめとする地域の持続可能なエネルギー供給に大きく寄与しています。特に2010年代以降の供給基盤の拡大やLNG基地の建設、さらにはカーボンニュートラルLNGの導入など、環境負荷軽減に向けた取り組みは、北海道全域のエネルギー政策において重要な役割を果たしています。

The Importance and Current Status of Integrated Coastal Zone Management – Gyeonggi Bay – From 2004 to the 2020s

The Importance and Current Status of Integrated Coastal Zone Management – Gyeonggi Bay – From 2004 to the 2020s The Situation in 2004 In Gyeonggi Bay, illegal dumping had become a serious environmental problem along the coast, and waste flowing from urban to rural areas was having a negative impact on the ecosystem. Thousands of tons of waste were illegally dumped annually, much of it consisting of construction debris and plastic waste. The waste contained hazardous substances such as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and lead, which seeped into the soil and groundwater, causing serious impacts on the health of local residents and the environment. To address this issue, Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM) was proposed, and local communities, businesses, and government agencies began collaborating to expand waste treatment facilities and strengthen traceability. Locally, the "Gyeonggi Environmental Recycling Center" began operating an incinerator with a daily processing capacity of 200 tons. Additionally, it launched educational programs for local residents, contributing to increased awareness of recycling. Progress in the 2010s In the 2010s, ICZM-based initiatives continued, but the increase in waste resulting from urbanization and population growth emerged as a challenge. In some areas, waste processing capacity could not keep up, and illegal dumping remained a problem. The government strengthened monitoring of illegal dumping and promoted collaborative responses between local residents and the administration, leading to gradual improvements. Current Situation in the 2020s As the 2020s began, it was reported that approximately 50,000 tons of waste were illegally dumped annually, much of which consisted of construction debris, plastic waste, and electronic waste (e-waste). This waste contains hazardous substances such as lead, cadmium, and hexavalent chromium, which are having a serious impact on marine ecosystems and the health of local residents. The South Korean government is continuing to expand waste treatment facilities. A facility newly established by the Korea Environmental Industry Corporation in 2023 is capable of processing 1,000 tons per day, and plans are underway to raise the recycling rate to 70%. Additionally, the Waste Tracking System (WRTS) has been introduced, enabling digital management of the process from waste generation to disposal. Improvements resulting from the cooperation of local residents and businesses were evident, such as the collection of 2,000 tons of trash during a marine cleanup campaign in 2022 that drew approximately 50,000 participants. Summary and Outlook Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM) in Gyeonggi Bay continues to progress as an initiative aimed at harmonizing environmental conservation with local economic activities. However, challenges remain, including insufficient treatment capacity to handle the increasing volume of waste resulting from urbanization, groundwater contamination, and impacts on fishery resources. To achieve sustainable coastal management, it is essential to strengthen policies and foster further collaboration between local communities and businesses. Additionally, it is necessary to enhance measures addressing wide-ranging environmental issues through international cooperation.

統合沿岸域管理の重要性と現状 - 京畿湾 - 2004年から2020年代まで

統合沿岸域管理の重要性と現状 - 京畿湾 - 2004年から2020年代まで 2004年の状況 京畿湾では、不法投棄が沿岸部で深刻な環境問題となり、都市部から農村部へと流れ込む廃棄物が生態系に悪影響を及ぼしていました。年間数千トン規模の廃棄物が不法に投棄され、その多くが建設廃材や廃プラスチックでした。廃棄物にはポリ塩化ビフェニル（PCB）や鉛などの有害物質が含まれ、これらが土壌や地下水に浸透することで、地域住民の健康や環境に重大な影響を与えました。この問題に対応するため、ICZM（統合沿岸域管理）が提案され、地域社会、企業、政府機関が連携して廃棄物処理施設の拡充やトレーサビリティの強化に取り組むことが始まりました。 現地では、「京畿環境リサイクルセンター」が1日200トンの処理能力を持つ焼却炉を稼働。また、地域住民向けの教育プログラムを展開し、リサイクル意識の向上に貢献しました。 2010年代の進展 2010年代には、ICZMを基盤とした取り組みが引き続き行われましたが、都市化と人口増加に伴う廃棄物の増加が課題として浮上しました。一部地域では廃棄物の処理能力が追いつかず、不法投棄が依然として問題となっていました。政府は不法投棄監視を強化し、地域住民と行政の協力による対応を進めることで、徐々に改善が見られました。 2020年代の現状 2020年代に入ると、年間約5万トンの廃棄物が不法に投棄され、その多くが建設廃材、廃プラスチック、電子機器廃棄物（E-waste）であることが報告されました。これら廃棄物には鉛、カドミウム、六価クロムといった有害物質が含まれ、海洋生態系や地域住民の健康に深刻な影響を与えています。 韓国政府は廃棄物処理施設のさらなる拡充を進め、「韓国環境産業株式会社」が2023年に新設した施設では1日1000トンの処理が可能となり、リサイクル率を70％まで引き上げる計画が進行中です。また、廃棄物追跡システム（WRTS）が導入され、廃棄物の発生から処理までのプロセスがデジタルで管理されるようになりました。2022年には約5万人が参加した海洋清掃活動で、2000トンのゴミが回収されるなど、地域住民や企業の協力による改善が見られました。 まとめと展望 京畿湾における統合沿岸域管理（ICZM）は、環境保全と地域社会の経済活動を調和させる取り組みとして進展を続けています。しかし、都市化による廃棄物の増加に対する処理能力の不足や、地下水汚染、漁業資源への影響が依然として課題です。持続可能な沿岸管理を実現するためには、政策の強化や地域社会と企業のさらなる連携が不可欠です。また、国際的な協力を通じて、広域的な環境問題への対策を強化していく必要があります。

The Progression and Countermeasures of Desertification in China - History from 2003 to the 2020s

The Progression and Countermeasures of Desertification in China - History from 2003 to the 2020s Desertification in northern China accelerated in the late 1990s, with the expansion of the Gobi Desert emerging as a significant issue. Between 1994 and 1999, the Gobi Desert expanded by approximately 52400 square kilometers, approaching a distance of 240 kilometers from Beijing. In addition to the arid climate, overgrazing, deforestation, and excessive use of grasslands have led to widespread desertification, particularly in areas like Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, Gansu Province, and Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, resulting in the degradation of farmland and grassland. As of 2020, the desertified area reached about 2670000 square kilometers, covering approximately 27% of China’s land. One of the primary causes of desertification is the excessive grazing of livestock such as sheep and goats. Nationwide, China has around 260000000 head of livestock, far exceeding the roughly 80000000 head in the United States. In Inner Mongolia, for instance, grasslands designated for 0.6 head per hectare now bear approximately 3 head of livestock, leading to plant roots being entirely consumed and soil exposed to wind erosion. It is estimated that around 15000 square kilometers of grassland are desertified annually as a result. To address this severe issue, the Chinese government initiated the "Three-North Shelterbelt Project" (also known as the Green Great Wall) in 1978, embarking on a large-scale afforestation plan to curb desertification. The project aims to establish a windbreak forest belt of 4500 kilometers by 2050, with over 50 billion trees planted and more than 250000 square kilometers of desert region reforested by the 2020s. This initiative has helped restore greenery and reduce sandstorms, especially in areas such as Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, and Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region. In the 2020s, international companies such as Siemens and Chinese energy giant China Power Investment Corporation (CPI) also joined in efforts to support vegetation restoration and energy supply in desert regions through the development of wind power infrastructure. In areas around the Horqin Desert in Inner Mongolia, Siemens has supported the installation of large-scale wind power plants, which are expected to contribute to reducing CO₂ emissions by approximately 1000000 tons annually. On the other hand, the sandstorms caused by desertification contain fine particles such as PM2.5 and PM10, worsening air pollution in major metropolitan areas such as Beijing, Tianjin, and Shanghai. In Beijing, more than 50 days per year are designated as hazardous due to air pollution, and every spring, tens of thousands of tons of sand particles travel as far as Japan and South Korea, impacting health and crops. Yellow sand not only affects human health and agriculture but also contributes to photochemical smog and acid rain, creating a serious environmental risk for neighboring countries. In response, the Chinese government has enhanced carbon dioxide reduction measures and introduced soil conservation technologies in addition to afforestation activities. For example, through the "Soil Improvement Project" in collaboration with the China Agricultural Development Corporation (CAG), water-retaining materials and special fertilizers are mixed into the soil in Inner Mongolia to promote vegetation recovery. This project aims to reforest over 1000000 square kilometers by 2025, with expected effects as a countermeasure against desertification. Although some improvement has been observed through national-scale projects and multinational cooperation, China’s desertification issue remains challenging at its core. With an increasing population, rising agricultural demands, and the accelerating effects of climate change, desertification control and sustainable environmental preservation continue to be essential challenges.

The Progression and Countermeasures of Desertification in China - History from 2003 to the 2020s

The Progression and Countermeasures of Desertification in China - History from 2003 to the 2020s Desertification in northern China accelerated in the late 1990s, with the expansion of the Gobi Desert emerging as a significant issue. Between 1994 and 1999, the Gobi Desert expanded by approximately 52400 square kilometers, approaching a distance of 240 kilometers from Beijing. In addition to the arid climate, overgrazing, deforestation, and excessive use of grasslands have led to widespread desertification, particularly in areas like Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, Gansu Province, and Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, resulting in the degradation of farmland and grassland. As of 2020, the desertified area reached about 2670000 square kilometers, covering approximately 27% of China’s land. One of the primary causes of desertification is the excessive grazing of livestock such as sheep and goats. Nationwide, China has around 260000000 head of livestock, far exceeding the roughly 80000000 head in the United States. In Inner Mongolia, for instance, grasslands designated for 0.6 head per hectare now bear approximately 3 head of livestock, leading to plant roots being entirely consumed and soil exposed to wind erosion. It is estimated that around 15000 square kilometers of grassland are desertified annually as a result. To address this severe issue, the Chinese government initiated the "Three-North Shelterbelt Project" (also known as the Green Great Wall) in 1978, embarking on a large-scale afforestation plan to curb desertification. The project aims to establish a windbreak forest belt of 4500 kilometers by 2050, with over 50 billion trees planted and more than 250000 square kilometers of desert region reforested by the 2020s. This initiative has helped restore greenery and reduce sandstorms, especially in areas such as Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, and Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region. In the 2020s, international companies such as Siemens and Chinese energy giant China Power Investment Corporation (CPI) also joined in efforts to support vegetation restoration and energy supply in desert regions through the development of wind power infrastructure. In areas around the Horqin Desert in Inner Mongolia, Siemens has supported the installation of large-scale wind power plants, which are expected to contribute to reducing CO₂ emissions by approximately 1000000 tons annually. On the other hand, the sandstorms caused by desertification contain fine particles such as PM2.5 and PM10, worsening air pollution in major metropolitan areas such as Beijing, Tianjin, and Shanghai. In Beijing, more than 50 days per year are designated as hazardous due to air pollution, and every spring, tens of thousands of tons of sand particles travel as far as Japan and South Korea, impacting health and crops. Yellow sand not only affects human health and agriculture but also contributes to photochemical smog and acid rain, creating a serious environmental risk for neighboring countries. In response, the Chinese government has enhanced carbon dioxide reduction measures and introduced soil conservation technologies in addition to afforestation activities. For example, through the "Soil Improvement Project" in collaboration with the China Agricultural Development Corporation (CAG), water-retaining materials and special fertilizers are mixed into the soil in Inner Mongolia to promote vegetation recovery. This project aims to reforest over 1000000 square kilometers by 2025, with expected effects as a countermeasure against desertification. Although some improvement has been observed through national-scale projects and multinational cooperation, China’s desertification issue remains challenging at its core. With an increasing population, rising agricultural demands, and the accelerating effects of climate change, desertification control and sustainable environmental preservation continue to be essential challenges.

Marine Debris in Asia: A Summary from 2001 to the 2020s

Marine Debris in Asia: A Summary from 2001 to the 2020s In the Asia-Pacific region, an estimated 8 to 11 million tons of plastic waste entered the ocean annually from 2001 through the 2020s, with 70% of this waste originating from the region. In particular, Jakarta Bay in Indonesia, Manila Bay in the Philippines, and the Yangtze River estuary in China have been affected, with the main components of the waste being PET bottles (35%), food packaging (25%), and plastic bags (20%). While Japan and ASEAN countries have set waste reduction targets and are promoting technological innovation and international cooperation, the economic burden remains a challenge—for example, Langkawi Island incurs more than $50 million in cleanup costs annually. Sustainable ocean management requires strengthened policies and regional cooperation.

アジアの海洋ゴミ問題 - 2001年から2020年代の要約

アジアの海洋ゴミ問題 - 2001年から2020年代の要約 アジア太平洋地域では、2001年から2020年代にかけて年間800万～1100万トンのプラスチック廃棄物が海洋に流入し、その70％がこの地域由来とされています。特にインドネシアのジャカルタ湾やフィリピンのマニラ湾、中国の長江河口が影響を受けており、廃棄物の主な構成要素はペットボトル（35％）、食品包装材（25％）、ポリ袋（20％）です。日本やASEAN諸国は廃棄物削減目標を設定し、技術革新や国際協力を進めていますが、ランカウイ島では年間5000万ドル以上の清掃費用が発生するなど、経済的負担が課題です。持続可能な海洋管理には政策強化と地域協力が必要です。

Case Study on Waste Utilization in Matsuyama City - November 2006

Case Study on Waste Utilization in Matsuyama City - November 2006 In Matsuyama City, Ehime Prefecture, Fuji Construction Co., Ltd. is promoting a circular agriculture model that utilizes construction waste. The company recycles wood and concrete fragments from construction sites as compost, converting 120 tons of waste into resources annually. This initiative has reduced disposal costs by 35% and achieved cost savings of 15 million yen. Farmers using this recycled compost have improved the quality of Ehime mandarins, increasing sugar content by 2 degrees and boosting yields by 20%. With collaboration expanding to Imabari City and Niihama City, Fuji Construction plans to increase the amount of waste recycled to 200 tons by 2020.

松山市の廃棄物利用事例 - 2006年11月

松山市の廃棄物利用事例 - 2006年11月 愛媛県松山市では、フジ建設株式会社が廃材を活用した循環型農業を推進しています。建設現場から出る木材やコンクリート片を堆肥として再利用し、年間120トンの廃棄物を資源化。これにより、処理コストを35％削減し、1500万円の経費削減を達成しました。農家は再生堆肥を使って愛媛ミカンの品質を向上させ、糖度を2度上昇させるとともに、収穫量も20％増加。今治市や新居浜市との連携も進め、フジ建設は2020年までに再資源化量を200トンに拡大する計画です。

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In 1996, groundwater contamination occurred in Kiryu City, Gunma Prefecture, due to illegally dumped waste. The waste contained cadmium (10 times the standard limit), hexavalent chromium (5 times the standard limit), and trichloroethylene (15 times the standard limit). Contamination was also confirmed in the water supply system of an elementary school, and approximately 150 students reported health problems. Kiryu City launched a cleanup project with an annual budget of 2.5 billion yen, planning to treat 75 percent of the contaminated water within three years. Additionally, through a residents’ campaign, the company responsible for the illegal dumping was identified and ordered to pay a 300 million yen fine and cover 1 billion yen in cleanup costs. Although this incident led to strengthened monitoring systems and the introduction of a waste tracking system, it is estimated that complete remediation will take approximately 20 years.

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1996年、群馬県桐生市で不法投棄された廃棄物が原因で地下水汚染が発生。廃棄物にはカドミウム（基準の10倍）、六価クロム（基準の5倍）、トリクロロエチレン（基準の15倍）が含まれ、小学校の給水設備でも汚染が確認され、約150人の児童が健康被害を訴えました。桐生市は年間25億円を投じて浄化プロジェクトを開始し、3年間で汚染水の75パーセント処理を計画しました。また、住民運動により不法投棄企業が特定され、罰金3億円と10億円の浄化費用負担が命じられました。この事件を契機に監視体制が強化され、廃棄物追跡制度が導入されましたが、完全な浄化には約20年を要するとされています。

### History of the Water Environment Improvement Model Project for Enclosed Coastal Seas - Miyagi, Osaka, Hyogo - April 2007 to the 2020s

### History of the Water Environment Improvement Model Project for Enclosed Coastal Seas - Miyagi, Osaka, Hyogo - April 2007 to the 2020s #### 2007: Launch of the Model Project Miyagi, Osaka, and Hyogo prefectures initiated a model project aimed at improving the water environment of enclosed coastal seas, targeting Sendai Bay, Osaka Bay, and Harima-Nada. The project aimed to address regional water pollution and achieve sustainable conservation of ecosystems. Technologies to reduce wastewater from aquaculture and suppress nitrogen and phosphorus discharges were introduced, improving oxygen deficiencies in coastal areas. Collaboration among local governments, companies, and research... #### 2010s: Expansion of Applications During the 2010s, the scope of applied technologies expanded, leading to notable outcomes. In Sendai Bay, new technologies promoting the decomposition of organic matter from aquaculture were introduced, reducing annual nitrogen discharges by 15%. Osaka Bay saw an expansion of artificial tidal flats and seaweed beds to 100 hectares, increasing the diversity of fish and crustaceans by over 20%. In Harima-Nada, advanced wastewater treatment systems improved water transparency, boosting tourism recovery... Additionally, each prefecture developed a "Comprehensive Water Environment Improvement Plan," promoting unified efforts for improving the conditions of enclosed coastal seas across the nation. #### 2020s: Current Status and Progress **Miyagi Prefecture (Sendai Bay)** By the 2020s, the Sendai Bay project, led by Miyagi Prefecture, progressed further. Collaborating with aquaculture operators, efforts to reduce wastewater and purify water quality were made, cutting nitrogen and phosphorus discharges by 25% compared to 2007. New microbial purification technologies were adopted, significantly enhancing oxygen levels in coastal waters. **Osaka Prefecture (Osaka Bay)** The "Rich Osaka Bay" project continued to expand, with artificial seaweed beds and tidal flats increasing further. Bottom sediment improvements advanced with materials independently developed by companies, restoring fishery resources. By 2022, fishery yields within the bay rose by 10% compared to the previous year. **Hyogo Prefecture (Harima-Nada)** Hyogo Prefecture, in collaboration with local companies, promoted coastal vegetation conservation and advanced wastewater treatment. By 2020, the vegetation area reached 300 hectares, enhancing biodiversity. Environmental conservation efforts boosted tourism, increasing visitors by 20% compared to 2015. #### Future Prospects These efforts have contributed to revitalizing regional economies and promoting tourism, with expectations for technology application in other regions with enclosed coastal seas. Under the Japanese government's "Comprehensive Marine Environment Policy," further technological innovations and cooperation with local residents are anticipated. The achievements of Sendai Bay, Osaka Bay, and Harima-Nada remain significant models for realizing a sustainable society and are expected to continue gaining attention domestically and internationally.

### History of the Water Environment Improvement Model Project for Enclosed Coastal Seas - Miyagi, Osaka, Hyogo - April 2007 to the 2020s

### History of the Water Environment Improvement Model Project for Enclosed Coastal Seas - Miyagi, Osaka, Hyogo - April 2007 to the 2020s #### 2007: Launch of the Model Project Miyagi, Osaka, and Hyogo prefectures initiated a model project aimed at improving the water environment of enclosed coastal seas, targeting Sendai Bay, Osaka Bay, and Harima-Nada. The project aimed to address regional water pollution and achieve sustainable conservation of ecosystems. Technologies to reduce wastewater from aquaculture and suppress nitrogen and phosphorus discharges were introduced, improving oxygen deficiencies in coastal areas. Collaboration among local governments, companies, and research... #### 2010s: Expansion of Applications During the 2010s, the scope of applied technologies expanded, leading to notable outcomes. In Sendai Bay, new technologies promoting the decomposition of organic matter from aquaculture were introduced, reducing annual nitrogen discharges by 15%. Osaka Bay saw an expansion of artificial tidal flats and seaweed beds to 100 hectares, increasing the diversity of fish and crustaceans by over 20%. In Harima-Nada, advanced wastewater treatment systems improved water transparency, boosting tourism recovery... Additionally, each prefecture developed a "Comprehensive Water Environment Improvement Plan," promoting unified efforts for improving the conditions of enclosed coastal seas across the nation. #### 2020s: Current Status and Progress **Miyagi Prefecture (Sendai Bay)** By the 2020s, the Sendai Bay project, led by Miyagi Prefecture, progressed further. Collaborating with aquaculture operators, efforts to reduce wastewater and purify water quality were made, cutting nitrogen and phosphorus discharges by 25% compared to 2007. New microbial purification technologies were adopted, significantly enhancing oxygen levels in coastal waters. **Osaka Prefecture (Osaka Bay)** The "Rich Osaka Bay" project continued to expand, with artificial seaweed beds and tidal flats increasing further. Bottom sediment improvements advanced with materials independently developed by companies, restoring fishery resources. By 2022, fishery yields within the bay rose by 10% compared to the previous year. **Hyogo Prefecture (Harima-Nada)** Hyogo Prefecture, in collaboration with local companies, promoted coastal vegetation conservation and advanced wastewater treatment. By 2020, the vegetation area reached 300 hectares, enhancing biodiversity. Environmental conservation efforts boosted tourism, increasing visitors by 20% compared to 2015. #### Future Prospects These efforts have contributed to revitalizing regional economies and promoting tourism, with expectations for technology application in other regions with enclosed coastal seas. Under the Japanese government's "Comprehensive Marine Environment Policy," further technological innovations and cooperation with local residents are anticipated. The achievements of Sendai Bay, Osaka Bay, and Harima-Nada remain significant models for realizing a sustainable society and are expected to continue gaining attention domestically and internationally.

Expansion of Urban Park Development—October 1973 to October 1978

Expansion of Urban Park Development—October 1973 to October 1978 The October 15, 1973, issue covered the national conference commemorating the 100th anniversary of the establishment of the urban park system and the enactment of the Urban Green Space Conservation Act. Urban parks began to be positioned not merely as playgrounds, but as an institutional foundation for protecting the urban environment. The February 1, 1974, issue reported that the proposed budget for park projects for fiscal year 1974 was 59.5 billion yen in project costs, a 21% increase from the previous year. Urban park development entered a phase of expansion, and its importance as a national public works project grew. The July 15, 1974, issue reported that the White Paper on Construction outlined a policy to secure 9 square meters of urban park space per person by the year 1985. Park development was treated as a policy with long-term area targets. The May 1, 1975, issue announced the allocation of the urban park budget, with 26.1 billion yen distributed to 1,900 locations, including Obihiro no Mori. This marked the beginning of a phase in which park development was being advanced on a nationwide scale. The October 1, 1975 issue presented estimates showing that even with a 20 trillion yen investment in urban parks, the per capita area would barely reach 5.8 square meters, revealing the severity of the shortage of green space in urban areas. The August 15, 1977 issue featured interviews with representatives from various political parties regarding the expansion of urban park development and also covered the current status and future prospects of the Tokyo Bay Marine Park. Park development had become a national policy issue. The April 1, 1978, issue reported that construction of Showa Memorial Park would begin that fall, marking the concrete realization of large-scale national park development. The October 1, 1978, issue highlighted efforts by the Council for the Promotion of Urban Park Development to formulate a long-term plan, establishing urban park development as a continuous national land policy.

都市公園整備の拡大―1973年10月〜1978年10月

都市公園整備の拡大―1973年10月〜1978年10月 1973年10月15日号では都市公園制度制定100周年記念全国大会と都市緑地保全法の成立が取り上げられている。都市公園は単なる遊び場ではなく都市環境を守る制度的基盤として位置づけられ始めた。 1974年2月1日号では昭和49年度の公園事業予算案が事業費ベース595億円と報じられ前年比21％増とされている。都市公園整備が拡大局面に入り国の公共事業として重要性が高まった。 1974年7月15日号では建設白書により昭和60年を目標に1人当たり9㎡の都市公園を確保する方針が示されている。公園整備は長期的な面積目標を持つ政策として扱われた。 1975年5月1日号では都市公園関係予算の配分が発表され帯広の森など1900カ所に261億円が配分された。全国規模で公園整備が進められる段階に入った。 1975年10月1日号では都市公園20兆円投入でも1人当たり5.8㎡がやっととする試算が示され都市部の緑地不足の深刻さが明らかになった。 1977年8月15日号では都市公園の整備拡大へとして各党代表への聞き取りが掲載され東京湾海上公園の現況と展望も扱われている。公園整備は国家的政策課題となった。 1978年4月1日号では昭和記念公園が今秋着手にと報じられ大規模国営公園整備が具体化した。 1978年10月1日号では都市公園整備推進協議会による長期計画策定の動きが示され都市公園整備は継続的な国土政策として確立していった。

The Silent Poison: The History of PCB Contamination and a Warning for the Future

The Silent Poison: The History of PCB Contamination and a Warning for the Future PCBs (polychlorinated biphenyls) were once highly valued as insulating oils, paints, and plastic additives that represented the pinnacle of technological innovation. However, once it became clear that this invisible, potent toxin threatened human health and was eroding the environment, its manufacture and use were banned in Japan in 1972 [Ministry of the Environment]. Yet, the PCBs that remained in silence continue to cast a shadow over the land, rivers, and people’s lives to this day. 1970s–1990s: The Forgotten Legacy of Chemistry As the dangers of PCBs were widely publicized, the government decided to ban their use. However, no solution was found for the transformers and capacitors containing these toxins; they were secretly piled up in warehouses or illegally dumped. Even into the 1990s, their existence remained buried in administrative gaps, eventually becoming an “unresolved legacy of contamination.” 2000s: Awakening Memories and the Cry of the Ecosystem In 2000, Professor Shigeki Masunaga of Yokohama National University and his colleagues pointed out that 60% of dioxin intake among the Japanese population was still attributable to PCBs lingering in the environment [J-STAGE]. The toxins that were supposed to have been contained in the 1970s had never truly disappeared. Fat-soluble PCBs permeated marine resources and were quietly creeping onto dining tables. Although the PCB Special Measures Act was enacted and disposal efforts began, technical barriers and enormous costs stood in the way. An Unfinished Story – The Promise of 2027 The deadline for PCB waste disposal has been set for March 31, 2027 [PCB Disposal Promotion Site]. However, as of 2025, a significant amount of PCBs remains untouched. Unprocessed waste left with small and medium-sized enterprises and local governments continues to be blocked by financial barriers. With each recurrence of contamination, the question arises anew: what price must we pay for these delays in disposal? PCBs are no longer a thing of the past. The toxins sealed away half a century ago continue to quietly corrode the environment and cast a shadow over the future. To what extent can we confront this silent poison? Time is by no means infinite. Sources: - Ministry of the Environment - NRID (Researcher Information) - J-STAGE (Research Papers) - PCB Disposal Promotion Site

静かなる毒 - PCB汚染の軌跡と未来への警鐘

静かなる毒 - PCB汚染の軌跡と未来への警鐘 PCB（ポリ塩化ビフェニル）は、かつて技術の粋を集めた絶縁油や塗料、プラスチック添加剤として重宝された。しかし、その見えざる猛毒が人々の健康を脅かし、環境を蝕むことが明らかとなり、1972年に日本で製造・使用が禁止された【環境省】。だが、沈黙のうちに残存したPCBは、今もなお大地に、河川に、人々の暮らしに影を落とし続けている。 1970年代～1990年代：忘れられた化学の遺産 PCBの危険性が叫ばれ、国は使用禁止を決断した。しかし、その毒を内包するトランスやコンデンサーの行き場は見つからず、ひそかに倉庫に積み上げられ、あるいは不法に投棄されていった。90年代に入っても、それらの存在は行政の隙間に埋もれ、いつしか「未解決の負の遺産」と化していった。 2000年代：目覚める記憶と生態系の叫び 2000年、横浜国立大学の益永茂樹教授らは、日本人のダイオキシン類摂取の6割が、今なお環境に漂うPCBによるものだと指摘した【J-STAGE】。1970年代に閉じ込められたはずの毒は、決して消えてはいなかった。脂溶性のPCBは水産資源に浸透し、静かに食卓へと忍び寄っていた。PCB特別措置法が施行され、処理が進められるも、技術的な壁と莫大なコストがその道を阻んだ。 終わらぬ物語 - 2027年の約束 PCB廃棄物の処理期限は、2027年3月31日と定められた【PCB処理推進サイト】。だが、2025年時点でなお多くのPCBが眠り続けている。中小企業や地方自治体に残された未処理廃棄物は、財政的な壁に阻まれたままだ。汚染が繰り返されるたび、処理の遅れがどれほどの代償を伴うかが、改めて問われる。 PCBはもはや過去のものではない。半世紀前に封じ込められた毒は、今も密やかに環境を蝕み、未来に影を落としている。私たちは、この静かなる毒にどこまで向き合うことができるのか。時間は、決して無限ではない。 情報源： - 環境省 - NRID（研究者情報） - J-STAGE（研究論文） - PCB処理推進サイト

■2002: The First Year of Biomass.

■2002: The First Year of Biomass. In policy and technological development for new energy sources—centered on the keywords “local, decentralized, and clean”—the focus had previously been heavily on solar and wind power, while concrete business models and technological development for biomass energy were lacking. However, with biomass being explicitly included in the government’s new energy policy, activity in this area has rapidly intensified. Biomass energy was explicitly addressed for the first time in a report compiled by the New Energy Subcommittee of the Advisory Committee for Natural Resources and Energy in June 2001. While items such as wood and waste materials had previously been included within the definition of “new energy,” new categories for biomass power generation and biomass heat utilization were established. Furthermore, specific numerical targets were set for 2010 (in oil equivalents): 340,000 kiloliters for biomass power generation and 670,000 kiloliters for biomass heat utilization. Adding the supply target of 4.97 million kiloliters for wood and waste materials brings the total to approximately 6 million kiloliters. Since the separate categories of waste-to-energy (5.52 million kiloliters) and waste heat utilization (140,000 kiloliters) also include a significant amount of biomass utilization, biomass energy will account for nearly half of the 2010 new energy supply target of 19.1 million ki loliters (3% of Japan’s primary energy supply). Consequently, in January 2002, the Cabinet approved the “Cabinet Order Partially Amending the Act on Special Measures for the Promotion of New Energy Use,” which defined biomass as “organic matter derived from plants and animals that can be used as an energy source (excluding crude oil, petroleum gas, combustible natural gas, coal, and products manufactured from these)” and established measures to promote the use of biomass energy. Furthermore, the “Act on Special Measures Concerning the Use of New Energy, etc. by Electric Power Companies (RPS Act),” which came into effect in April 2003, mandates that electric power companies introduce a certain amount of new energy, including biomass, which also serves to boost the spread of biomass energy. In the European Union (EU), biomass energy (primarily for district heating through combustion) is already becoming established. The EU has set a plan to double the share of renewable energy (including geothermal and large-scale hydropower) in primary energy supply from the current 6% to 12% by 2010, with 8.5% of that coming from biomass. In Sweden and Finland, which have been working on this relatively early on, biomass already accounts for about 20% of primary energy supply, while in Austria it accounts for 12%. In Sweden, heat supply facilities that burn wood unsuitable for lumber have been established in many municipalities, delivering heat to public facilities and homes through a network of pipes laid underground in urban areas. In areas where piping cannot be installed, wood-based fuel processed into pellets is used to fuel stoves and small boilers. Currently, the price of biomass is competitive with petroleum energy, and with the introduction of a carbon tax, it has bec ome advantageous even compared to coal. Japan still lags behind in terms of both policy and utilization systems regarding biomass energy, but in December 2002, the "Biomass Japan Comprehensive Strategy Draft" was formulated by five ministries: Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology; Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries; Economy, Trade and Industry, Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism, and the Environment formulated the “Draft Comprehensive Strategy for Biomass Nippon.” In the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries’ environmental budget for fiscal year 2002, approximately 8.9 billion yen was allocated for the technological development and dissemination of biomass energy, and for fiscal year 2003, the ministry alone requested 29 billion yen, representing a significant increase. Biomass energy is rapidly emerging as a key element of Japan’s new energy policy, particularly in order to achieve the CO₂ reduction targets set by the Kyoto Protocol. Japan possesses biomass energy technologies, including those currently under development. Now that the conditions for utilizing these technologies have finally fallen into place, the biomass energy market is poised to expand. This expansion will begin with the utilization of waste from sectors such as construction and food—where urgent action is required due to stricter regulations—and will progress to the active utilization of unused biomass from agriculture and forestry, such as forest residues and straw, as well as the planting of biomass resources on unused paddy fields, farmland, and forested areas. Within the woody biomass energy sector, synergistic effects are expected in combating global warming, including the revitalization of the forestry and timber industries, job creation, and the securing of forest carbon sinks through the effective utilization of forest residues and sawmill offcuts. In Japan, annual woody biomass resources include 10 million cubic meters of forest residues—such as branches, small-diameter wood, and stumps—generated when harvested timber is gathered at collection sites and processed into lumber; 15 million cubic meters of wood waste from sawmills and woodworking manufacturers; and 12.5 million cubic meters of construction waste from demolition sites. Furthermore, when including 15 million cubic meters of thinned timber—which remains largely unused, with about 80% left in the forest even after thinning—wood-based biomass resources have the potential to become the mainstay of domestic biomass resources. There are currently about 200 facilities nationwide that use such wood waste as raw material for heat and power generation. These include paper mills, which have traditionally used wood chips and factory wastewater as boiler fuel, as well as more than a dozen sawmills. A representative example of utilization at a sawmill is Meiken Kogyo (Katsuyama-cho, Okayama Prefecture), which holds the top domestic market share for laminated timber. The company has been generating its own electricity since 1998 by utilizing cypress wood chips generated during its own laminated timber manufacturing process. The boiler has an evaporation capacity of 20 tons per hour and a power output of 1,950 kW. The investment amounted to approximately 1 billion yen (including 630 million yen for the boiler and 160 million yen for the turbine generator, both manufactured by Takuma), and the facility reportedly generates electricity worth 60 to 70 million yen annually. The current operating rate is 70–80% , and while the electricity is currently used for internal consumption, the company is considering selling surplus power in the future. The company imports dried hinoki cypress—the raw material for engineered wood—from Northern Europe. As a result, the wood chips burn easily, require no pretreatment due to their powdery consistency, and allow for easy combustion adjustment, enabling stable power generation. Additionally, on a smaller scale, there is the case of Shinei Lumber (Misugi Village, Mie Prefecture), which operates a gasification power generation plant (output: 80 kW/h, capital investment: 38 million yen). Meanwhile, the Noshiro Forest Resource Utilization Cooperative in Akita Prefecture (comprising Suzumitsu, Akimoku Board, Shirakami Forest Cooperative, Noshiro Lumber Association Cooperative, and Akita Prefecture Fine Wood Center Cooperative) is attracting attention as the nation’s first example of local timber-related businesses working together under a cooperative model. Using approximately 50,000 tons of sawdust, cedar bark, and residential waste wood chips as fuel, while effectively utilizing the waste heat generated in the process for wood drying and other purposes. The facility, one of the largest biomass cogeneration plants in Japan (power output: 3,000 kW, steam output: 34 t/h, manufactured by Takuma), is currently under construction and is scheduled for completion in December 2002, with operations set to begin in January 2003. The overall project was coordinated by the energy solutions company Tsukakita Energy Supplies (Sendai City, Miyagi Prefecture). The total cap ital investment amounts to 1.5 billion yen, but two-thirds of this is subsidized by the Forestry Agency, Akita Prefecture, and Noshiro City as part of the Forestry Agency’s Resource-Recycling Forestry Improvement Project. Furthermore, a major objective of this initiative is to support small-scale local sawmills and wood processing businesses that face difficulties in converting to boilers or installing high-performance incinerators compliant with dioxin regulations. Biomass power generation at sawmills and similar facilities utilizes existing boiler technology, such as that owned by Takuma, to generate combined heat and power. Since the uses for both heat and electricity are secured and the system contributes to waste management, the benefits of its introduction are significant. This is viewed as the first market in the biomass energy sector. Meanwhile, businesses aimed at selling electricity rather than self-consumption are also emerging. Recently, Sumitomo Corporation and Meisei Cement (Itoigawa City, Niigata Prefecture), a member of the Taiheiyo Cement Group, established a new company, “Summit Meisei Power,” to conduct wood-based biomass power generation. They plan to invest approximately 7 billion yen to install a 50,000 kW biomass power generation facility within Meisei Cement’s Itoigawa plant, with operations scheduled to begin in October 2004. The power generation facility to be constructed adopts the circulating fluidized bed boiler system, which is gaining traction in Northern Europe. The plant will burn wood chips—made from recycled construction waste and thinned timber—as its primary fuel (70%), mixed with semi-anthracite as a supplementary fuel. Myojo Cement will consume 4,000 to 19,000 kW of the generated power for its own use, while the remainder will be sold to consumers in the Tokyo metro politan area by Summit Energy, a subsidiary of Sumitomo Corporation. Meisei Cement has long collected and processed construction waste and thinned timber for its own cement manufacturing and power generation facilities. The company has now installed new log crushing and processing equipment to supply approximately 128,000 tons annually to Summit Meisei Power. ■ Wood Pellet Production Gains Renewed Attention To promote the widespread adoption of wood biomass energy, the supply of wood pellets is also expected to become a significant business opportunity. Wood pellets are a granular fuel produced by crushing sawmill offcuts and thinned timber into sawdust and bark, drying them, and then compressing them under high pressure into pellets approximately 6 mm in diameter. The selling price is 20–30 yen per kilogram (excluding shipping costs). Compared to firewood and wood chips, wood pellets have a higher density and greater uniformity, as well as a higher energy content (4,700 kcal/kg). This results in stable combustion and superior performance in terms of transportation and storage. Demand for pellets is expected to continue growing in order to enhance the efficiency and profitability of wood biomass energy businesses and to promote the use of pellet stoves in households. Wood pellet manufacturing gained attention as a fuel cheaper than oil in the wake of the oil crisis, with about 20 companies producing them, but subsequently declined due to falling oil prices. However, as the use of woody biomass energy has regained attention, since 2002, in addition to the three companies that have continuously manufactured pellets—Kuzumaki Forestry (Morioka City, Iwate Prefecture), Tsuui (Ichiba Town, Tokushima Prefecture), and Suzaki Fuel (Suzaki City, Kochi Prefecture)—new entrants such as the Forest Resource Processing Center (Takatsuki City, Osaka Prefecture) and Agri Power (Aizuwakamatsu City, Fukushima Prefecture) have begun operations. Currently, Kuzumaki Forestry, which holds the top market share in Japan, produces 2,300 tons annually, but future demand growth is widely expected. However, there are challenges. First is competition with pellets from overseas. In Japan, the cost of using thinned timber is high, so pellets are primarily manufactured using bark as raw material. In contrast, in North America, “white pellets”—made from tree trunks and offering superior energy content and ash residue rates—are the mainstream product and are also inexpensive. Furthermore, most pellet stoves imported from overseas are not compatible with bark pellets. Additionally, the properties of pellets vary significantly depending on the type of wood, the part of the tree used, and the ratio of these components. While pellet manufacturing machines from companies such as CMP and Sprout Matador in the U.S. are widely used, accumulating manufacturing and handling know-how and developing marketing strategies to determine what types of pellets to produce with these machines is essential. Since the domestic pellet market has not yet been established, unplanned pellet production should be avoided. In this regard, the development of equipment for utilizing bark pellets and the use of construction waste treated with preservatives or termite control agents should be considered, and efforts to evaluate pellet quality and establish JIS standards must also be advanced. Furthermore, for pellets used in heating equipment, demand is concentrated in the winter. Therefore, consideration should be given to producing livestock bedding or mushroom substrate during seasons of low demand to improve equipment utilization rates. ■ Methanol and ethanol production are also in the demonstration phase Meanwhile, in woody biomass utilization technology, in addition to conventional direct combustion and co-firing methods, development of conversion technologies—such as ethanol and methanol production—is underway to expand applications beyond cogeneration. Regarding methanol production, Mitsubishi Heavy Industries is leading development efforts, and construction of a demonstration facility at Chubu Electric Power’s Kawagoe Thermal Power Station began in 2003, with completion scheduled for 2003. In this process, a fluidized bed gasifier is used to gasify dam debris at 1,000–1,100°C. After cooling and gas purification, the gas is converted into methanol using a catalyst developed by the Global Warming Prevention Technology Organization. With the aim of commercializing this technology, progress is expected by 2024. ■ Wood Pellet Production Gains Renewed Attention To promote the widespread adoption of woody biomass energy, the supply of wood pellets is also expected to become a significant business opportunity. Wood pellets are a granular fuel produced by crushing sawmill offcuts and thinned timber into sawdust and bark, drying them, and then compressing them under high pressure into pellets approximately 6 mm in diameter. The selling price is 20–30 yen per kilogram (excluding shipping costs). Compared to firewood and wood chips, wood pellets have a higher density and greater uniformity, as well as a higher energy content (4,700 kcal/kg). This results in stable combustion and superior performance in terms of transportation and storage. Demand for pellets is expected to continue growing in order to enhance the efficiency and profitability of wood biomass energy businesses and to promote the use of pellet stoves in households. Wood pellet manufacturing gained attention as a fuel cheaper than oil in the wake of the oil crisis, with about 20 companies producing them, but subsequently declined due to falling oil prices. However, as the use of woody biomass energy has regained attention, since 2002, in addition to the three companies that have continuously manufactured pellets—Kuzumaki Forestry (Morioka City, Iwate Prefecture), Tsuui (Ichiba Town, Tokushima Prefecture), and Suzaki Fuel (Suzaki City, Kochi Prefecture)—new entrants such as the Forest Resource Processing Center (Takatsuki City, Osaka Prefecture) and Agri Power (Aizuwakamatsu City, Fukushima Prefecture) have begun operations. Currently, Kuzumaki Forestry, which holds the top market share in Japan, produces 2,300 tons annually, but future demand growth is widely expected. However, there are challenges. First is competition with pellets from overseas. In Japan, the cost of using thinned timber is high, so pellets are primarily manufactured using bark as raw material. In contrast, in North America, “white pellets”—made from tree trunks and offering superior energy content and ash residue rates—are the mainstream product and are also inexpensive. Furthermore, most pellet stoves imported from overseas are not compatible with bark pellets. Additionally, the properties of pellets vary significantly depending on the type of wood, the part of the tree used, and the ratio of these components. While pellet manufacturing machines from companies such as CMP and Sprout Matador in the U.S. are widely used, accumulating manufacturing and handling know-how and developing marketing strategies to determine what types of pellets to produce with these machines is essential. Since the domestic pellet market has not yet been established, unplanned pellet production should be avoided. In this regard, the development of equipment for utilizing bark pellets and the use of construction waste treated with preservatives or termite control agents should be considered, and efforts to evaluate pellet quality and establish JIS standards must also be advanced. Furthermore, for pellets used in heating equipment, demand is concentrated in the winter. Therefore, consideration should be given to producing livestock bedding or mushroom substrate during seasons of low demand to improve equipment utilization rates. ■Securing Wood Biomass and Building a Comprehensive Business Model Are Future Challenges Technologies for utilizing wood biomass, including existing ones, are steadily being developed. Going forward, the challenge will be whether we can devise commercially viable implementation models and business models, whether for heat supply, pellet manufacturing, or pellet stoves. The main bottleneck here is, of course, cost. The woody biomass resources under consideration can be broadly categorized into thinned timber, forest residues, sawmill offcuts, and construction waste. Of these, the only resources that currently appear viable as fuel are sawmill offcuts—such as bark—and construction waste, for which disposal fees of around 9,000 yen per cubic meter can be charged. This is because woody biomass resources have a low fuel value per unit volume. While coal has an energy density of 3,342 gigajoules per ton, wood (20% moisture content) has an energy density of 1,821 gigajoules per ton—roughly half that of coal. Furthermore, because wood is bulky, its volumetric weight is also half that of coal. In other words, its fuel value per unit volume is only one-fourth that of coal. Given that coal costs around 4,000 yen per cubic meter, the price of woody biomass resources as fuel would be 1,000 yen. In contrast, thinning wood incurs labor costs of 10,000 yen per cubic meter just for harvesting and transporting it out of the forest. Wood suitable for construction is traded at 45,000 yen per cubic meter, and even wood chips for paper production fetch 8,000 yen per cubic meter—prices that do not justify using them as fuel. However, shifting the cost of leaving forest residues in the forest to fuel conversion facilities leaves open the possibility of achieving cost-effectiveness. Furthermore, the supply of sawmill offcuts is subject to fluctuations in the timber market, and construction waste is difficult to secure reliably due to unpredictable supply forecasts. Additionally, in line with economic trends, the number of new wooden housing starts is on a gradual downward trend. Moreover, demand for sawmill offcuts—particularly sawdust—is increasing for use as bedding in livestock farming, and the “Act on Securing the Quality of Housing,” which came into effect in April 2001, requires even finer dimensional accuracy for products. ■Agricultural Biomass Energy The annual volume of non-edible agricultural byproducts, such as rice straw and rice husks, is estimated at approximately 1,300 metric tons. Rice husks are used to produce “Karl Chips,” a 100% pure solid fuel. Karl Chips have a low environmental impact during combustion; because they are carbonized, they burn for extended periods and are resistant to moisture, allowing for long-term storage. Tromso (Fuchu City, Hiroshima Prefecture), a manufacturer of Karl Chips, launched a new solid fuel production machine—the "Grind Mill"—in September 2002. This machine has a production capacity of 300 kg/hour for coarse-ground material and 180 kg/hour for Karl Chips, and it can compress rice husks to about one-third to one-fourth of their original volume. This significantly reduces transportation costs. Furthermore, since pests are eliminated by the frictional heat generated during processing, the material can be reused as a secondary resource. Regarding the utilization of rice straw, the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries has been collaborating with Mitsubishi Heavy Industries and Nagasaki University of Applied Sciences since 2000 to develop a gasification synthesis method. This method converts the residue from various raw materials, including rice straw, into methanol, with the aim of mass-producing hydrogen. Previous studies have demonstrated that components such as cedar sawdust, starch, and cellulose are clean feedstocks. In April 2002, a pilot plant (Agricultural and Forestry Green No. 1) with a processing capacity of 240 kg/day—five times that of conventional systems—was constructed. Although it has not yet reached commercialization, the project has successfully established a new liquid fuel production system using biomass as a feedstock. Moving forward, the team plans to calculate the costs associated with feedstock production, transportation, and the methanol production process. Currently, the utilization rate of non-edible agricultural byproducts remains at around 30%. This is attributed to high costs resulting from the lack of technology to collect unused biomass left on farmland. The recently submitted “Biomass Japan Comprehensive Strategy Proposal” places a high priority on improving economic viability and outlines a policy whereby the government will provide effective support for business models when private-sector entities construct pioneering biomass conversion facilities. As a concrete action plan, in addition to the support for energy development that has been implemented to date, demonstration research on storage technologies and efficient energy utilization has also been established. ■Rapeseed Project The "Biomass Japan Comprehensive Strategy Proposal" identifies resource crops as a fuel source alongside waste-derived biomass and unused biomass. This project involves cultivating plants for energy use; a key characteristic is that it takes time to gain traction because the cost of raw materials is included in the price. The draft strategy predicts that by around 2020, the price of energy derived from resource crops will fall to the level of fossil fuel-derived energy, leading to their cultivation on unused land and other sites for the purpose of producing energy and raw materials for products. The annual production of resource crops is estimated at 12 million tons on a dry basis, which is equivalent to 5.4 million kiloliters of crude oil. A representative example of resource crop utilization is the rapeseed project. This initiative aims to establish a regional resource cycle: rapeseed is planted on land converted from other crops, the extracted rapeseed oil is used in households and school meals, and the oil cake produced during extraction is reused as fertilizer or animal feed. Furthermore, waste cooking oil is recycled into soap or alternative fuel for diesel. Rapeseed can also be used as an energy source. As a pioneering example, Germany, having learned from the oil crisis of the 1970s, has been advancing plans to convert rapeseed oil into fuel. The area under cultivation has reached 1 million hectares, and there are numerous gas stations that sell fuel refined from rapeseed oil. In Japan, regulations regarding alcohol-blended fuels were not established until November 2002, but the Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry has decided to submit a bill to amend the Gasoline Quality Assurance Act to the 2003 regular session of the Diet, aiming to promote the sale of gasoline blended with approximately 0–5% alcohol. Overseas, the use of biomass in automotive fuels is on the rise. In Brazil, fuels containing approximately 22% sugarcane-based ethanol account for 90% of the market, while in the United States, gasoline blended with about 10% corn-based ethanol accounts for 10% of the market. As biomass fuel prices continue to fall, gasoline-blended fuels are expected to emerge as a new market.