▼“Whether it’s resource recycling or improving the natural environment, initiatives within local communities will become increasingly important going forward.”

▼“Whether it’s resource recycling or improving the natural environment, initiatives within local communities will become increasingly important going forward.” Take waste, for example. The basic principle is a local cycle in which waste generated in a region is collected locally, recycled, and returned to the community. This is the most efficient approach and allows for the most effective action. In such local community initiatives, what matters most are systems and technologies that leverage the unique characteristics of the region. ▼“In particular, when it comes to technology, we need site-specific technologies unique to each region.” Since initiatives vary from region to region, the corresponding technologies utilized will also differ. Currently, such site-specific technologies are being developed across the country, contributing to local communities and playing a role in revitalizing regions as part of the local environmental business sector. These include proper waste treatment and recycling technologies, natural environment purification and restoration, renewable energy utilization, eco-friendly facilities, and energy-saving technologies, among others. ▼ “The defining characteristics of site-specific technologies are that they are regional, decentralized, and on a human scale.” In other words, they are small-scale, low-tech solutions tailored to local needs, making operation, management, and maintenance easy. Numerous business opportunities remain in this field. A key starting point is the environmental action plans and ordinances of prefectures, cities, towns, and villages. In many cases, studying these documents provides valuable insights for business development. Furthermore, the trend for technology development linked to business development is moving toward technology transfer from local universities and technical partnerships. This is leading to the creation of regional environmental industries through collaboration between industry, academia, and government. As a result, it contributes to regional resource recycling and environmental improvement.

▼「資源循環にしろ、自然環境の改善にしろ、これから地域社会での取り組みがますます重要視されてくる。」

▼「資源循環にしろ、自然環境の改善にしろ、これから地域社会での取り組みがますます重要視されてくる。」 たとえば廃棄物。地域から排出された廃棄物は地域で回収し、再資源化し、地域へ戻していく地域循環が基本だ。それが一番効率的だし、的確な取り組みができる。そうした地域社会での取り組みにおいて、大切なのは地域の特性を活かした制度や技術である。 ▼「とりわけ技術においては地域ならではの適地技術が必要である。」 地域によって取り組みがそれぞれ違えば、そこに活かされる対応技術は違ってくる。いま各地で、そうした適地技術が開発され、地域に貢献して地域の環境ビジネスとして地域の活性化の一翼を担いつつある。廃棄物の適正処理及びリサイクル技術、自然環境の浄化及び修復、自然エネルギー利用、環境共生施設、省エネルギー関連技術などいろいろ。 ▼「適地技術の特色を挙げれば、地域・分散・等身大である。」 言ってみれば地域対応で運転管理、メンテナンスが容易な小規模のロー テクである。この分野でのビジネスチャンスは数多く残されている。その糸口になるのが各県や市町村の環境行動計画や条例など。それらを読み込むことが事業開発のヒントになるケースが少なくない。そして事業開発に連動した技術開発には地域の大学から技術移転したり、技術提携することがこれからのトレンド。産学官連携による地域の環境産業の創出へと向かう。結果として地域の資源循環、環境改善に役立つ。

History and Current Status of the Hokkaido Energy Special Zone (Isikari and Tomakomai) in the 2020s – From September 2002 to the 2020s

History and Current Status of the Hokkaido Energy Special Zone (Isikari and Tomakomai) in the 2020s – From September 2002 to the 2020s The Hokkaido Energy Special Zone is a region that has been promoting the technological development and commercialization of renewable energy since 2002, primarily in the Central Hokkaido region (including Isikari City and Tomakomai City). In particular, the areas around Ishikari and Tomakomai utilize abundant natural gas resources, supplying approximately 50 million cubic meters of methane gas annually. Demonstration experiments using this gas for hydrogen energy are underway, and development of energy systems suitable for cold climates is progressing. Major companies, including Toyota Motor Corporation and Panasonic, are participating in the initiative, driving the development of fuel cell vehicles (FCVs) and the installation of hydrogen refueling stations. In Tomakomai City in particular, a budget of approximately 5 billion yen has been allocated to advance the development of hydrogen infrastructure, leading to the expanded operation of fuel cell vehicles and hydrogen buses. Furthermore, integration with renewable energy sources such as wind and solar power is being strengthened; in Ishikari City, a 100-MW-class wind farm has been constructed, contributing to the region’s power supply. Since the start of the 2020s, the role of the Hokkaido Energy Special Zone has continued to expand. In Ishikari City, led by Hokkaido Electric Power and JERA, large-scale demonstration experiments are ongoing to verify the performance and efficiency of fuel cells in cold climates. Furthermore, in Tomakomai City, more than five hydrogen stations have been installed, and with the cooperation of Toyota Motor Corporation and Nissan Motor Co., Ltd., the use of hydrogen energy is expanding significantly. This is enhancing energy sustainability within the local community. Furthermore, a 100-MW-class wind farm in Ishikari City is operating as a core component of the renewable energy system, with the electricity generated being used for hydrogen production and local power supply. Consequently, the entire Hokkaido region is developing into a hub for clean energy and has become an international model case. Companies such as Asahi Kasei and Panasonic are also participating in technological development within the Special Zone, focusing particularly on innovations in fuel cell technology. In the 2020s, the zone is not only expected to have a significant impact on Japan’s overall energy policy but is also considering plans to export clean energy. In particular, technologies utilizing Hokkaido’s natural energy resources are expected to play a key role in the global energy transition. Overall, the Hokkaido Energy Special Zone continues to advance the development of renewable energy that began in 2002 and is growing as a core element of energy policy both within Japan and internationally throughout the 2020s.

北海道エネルギー特区（石狩・苫小牧）の歴史と2020年代の現状 - 2002年9月から2020年代

北海道エネルギー特区（石狩・苫小牧）の歴史と2020年代の現状 - 2002年9月から2020年代 北海道エネルギー特区は、2002年から道央地区（石狩市や苫小牧市）を中心に、再生可能エネルギーの技術開発と商業化を推進してきた地域です。特に石狩市や苫小牧市周辺では、豊富な天然ガス資源を活用し、年間約5000万立方メートルのメタンガスが供給されています。このガスを利用した水素エネルギーの実証実験が行われており、寒冷地に適したエネルギーシステムの開発が進行中です。 トヨタ自動車やパナソニックをはじめとする大手企業が参画し、燃料電池車（FCV）の開発や水素ステーションの設置が進められています。特に苫小牧市では、約50億円の予算が投入され、水素インフラの整備が進展し、燃料電池車や水素バスの運用が拡大しています。また、風力発電や太陽光発電といった再生可能エネルギーとの連携も強化されており、石狩市では100MW級の風力発電所が建設され、地域の電力供給に貢献しています。 2020年代に入ってからも、北海道エネルギー特区の役割はさらに拡大しています。石狩市では、北海道電力やJERAが中心となり、寒冷地における燃料電池の性能や効率を検証するための大規模な実証実験が続いています。また、苫小牧市では5基以上の水素ステーションが設置され、トヨタ自動車や日産自動車が協力し、水素エネルギーの利用が大きく広がっています。これにより、地域社会におけるエネルギーの持続可能性が高まっています。 さらに、石狩市の100MW級の風力発電所は、再生可能エネルギーの中核として稼働しており、発電された電力は水素の製造や地域電力供給に利用されています。これにより、北海道全域がクリーンエネルギー拠点として発展し、国際的なモデルケースとなっています。旭化成やパナソニックといった企業も、特区内での技術開発に参加しており、特に燃料電池技術の革新に注力しています。 2020年代には、日本全体のエネルギー政策に大きな影響を与えるだけでなく、クリーンエネルギーの輸出計画も検討されています。特に、北海道の自然エネルギー資源を活用した技術は、世界的なエネルギー転換の一端を担うものと期待されています。 全体として、北海道エネルギー特区は、2002年から始まった再生可能エネルギーの開発をさらに推進し、2020年代においても日本国内外におけるエネルギー政策の中核として成長し続けています。

Capillary Purification Systems Co., Ltd., a consulting firm specializing in the installation of unique wastewater treatment technologies utilizing soil microorganisms—known as soil purification methods—has been building a strong track record in small-scale sewage treatment facilities and agricultural village wastewater treatment facilities.

Capillary Purification Systems Co., Ltd., a consulting firm specializing in the installation of unique wastewater treatment technologies utilizing soil microorganisms—known as soil purification methods—has been building a strong track record in small-scale sewage treatment facilities and agricultural village wastewater treatment facilities. The company is also drawing attention as a rare example of private-sector technology being adopted for public works projects. Furthermore, as a technology that aligns with natural ecosystems, the company is expected to expand into Asia in the future. ● Facilities Covered by Sewerage Fees As of the end of fiscal year 2005, Japan’s sewerage coverage rate was 69.3% (population using sewerage / total population), but in municipalities with fewer than 50,000 residents, it remained at just 39.3%. It is inherently impractical to uniformly expand sewerage systems—which were originally designed for urban areas—across the entire country. To make matters worse, local governments are already facing severe budget cuts. The soil purification method developed by the Capillary Purification System has thrown a wrench into this situation surrounding sewage systems. “It is said that the construction cost of a sewage system exceeds 1.5 million yen per resident. For a population of 10,000, that amounts to 15 billion yen. This is not a sum that a municipality of 10,000 people can afford. So, should we install small septic tanks in every household? Assuming four people per household, that would require 2,500 units for a population of 10,000. Each unit costs 1,000–1,500 yen per month in electricity, and when you add in other maintenance costs, the burden on each household would be more than double that of sewerage fees. ‘Is this really a realistic solution?’ asks Hiroko Kimura, the company’s representative director. The Sakashita West Treatment Center in Aizubangata Town, Fukushima Prefecture, which employs soil purification technology, began operations in fiscal year 1993 with a planned capacity of 1,400 m³. Due to increases in connection rates and treatment volume, the daily inflow exceeded 400 m³ by fiscal year 1999. The facility has since turned a profit after covering maintenance costs and is now able to repay its bonds. The sewerage fee is 140 yen per cubic meter. Furthermore, in the case of the Chuo Purification Center in Chiran Town, Kagoshima Prefecture (serving 4,000 people with a capacity of 2,400 m³), which began partial operation in fiscal year 2001, the sewerage fee is 90 yen per square meter, and the facility turned a profit as early as the following year. ● Key Features The Soil-Covered Soil Purification Method is a unique water treatment technology that utilizes soil microorganisms to decompose pollutants. When adopted for municipal sewage systems, it is known as the Soil-Covered Inter-Gravel Contact Oxidation Method; for agricultural village wastewater treatment facilities, it is known as the Niimi System (certified by the Minister of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism). This is because the governing agencies and relevant laws differ for each application. In both cases, the basic process flow consists of sedimentation and separation, contact aeration, sedimentation and contact filtration, disinfection, and discharge. The first key feature is that the treatment facility is covered with soil. This reduces odors and prevents the spread of splashes and pathogens from the treatment tanks. The covered wastewater treatment plant becomes a green space covered with plants such as grass. Furthermore, when it rains, microorganisms from the covering soil fall into the treatment tanks, helping to maintain a healthy environment within them. The second feature is the contact aeration tank, which uses filter media onto which aerobic microorganisms have been attached. After sludge is stored for one day in the sedimentation tank, it is purified over the course of one day in the contact aeration tank. In aeration tanks that utilize suspended organisms, such as those in the activated sludge process, adjustments by specialized technicians are necessary to ensure uniformity within the tank. Furthermore, such aeration tanks are essentially just boxes, resulting in a short retention time. In contrast, the soil remediation method divides the tank into long channels. As the water flows through these channels, organic matter is decomposed by multiple types of microorganisms, resulting in high purification capacity and stable treated water. Furthermore, almost no adjustment of the tank is required, and maintenance consists only of removing sludge a few times a year. The third feature is that it is an energy-efficient system requiring minimal mechanical equipment. A major factor in keeping construction costs low for soil purification facilities is that the soil cover eliminates the need for a treatment plant roof and equipment for deodorization and defoaming. ● Local Governments Making the Decision to Adopt It As of April 2006, the system has been adopted at 68 facilities nationwide. However, when the company was founded in 1980, “We never imagined we’d end up in the sewerage sector. People used to say that private-sector technology wouldn’t be adopted for public works projects like sewerage,” recalls Mr. Kimura. Initially, the company handled septic tanks and miscellaneous wastewater treatment for public facilities using the Niimi Trench, which channels wastewater through soil containing microorganisms. The Niimi Trench was a simple structure that involved digging trenches around a building and utilizing the purification capacity of the soil ecosystem to treat wastewater without the use of power. In 1983, the company established the Niimi System as a soil-covered septic tank and obtained general certification for facilities serving up to 500 people. “To obtain certification for even larger scales, we were required to provide data on microbial species and purification capacity, which demanded significant research funds and time,” said Mr. Kimura. Currently, the Niimi System has obtained certification for communities of up to 4,000 people. A major turning point came in 1990 with the establishment of the Central Purification Center in Shimukappu Village, Hokkaido, which adopted the soil purification method as a sewerage facility. The Ministry of Construction (at the time) refused to provide subsidies for the soil purification method, citing the lack of precedents. In response, Shimukappu Village requested subsidies only for the pipelines, and as a result, the facility was approved for subsidies as a model project. A treatment facility capable of handling 1,000 people and 460 cubic meters—which would have cost 500 million yen using conventional sewage treatment methods—was constructed for 130 million yen using the soil purification method. Following the designation of three additional sites as model facilities, in 1991, the Ministry of Construction announced a policy stating that, if there was strong demand from local governments, the Soil Purification Act would be eligible for subsidies as a sewerage project. The Takago Purification Center in Ogawa Village, Nagano Prefecture, which began operations in fiscal year 1995, became the first example in which the Japan Sewerage Works Agency adopted the Soil Purification Act, thereby establishing its position as a sewerage technology. “Funding programs are supposed to improve the lives of the people. If they impose excessive or unnecessary burdens on local governments and residents, I don’t see the point of the funding,” Mr. Kimura points out. He adds, “The soil purification method is not only low-cost but also creates facilities that residents appreciate.” Many local governments hold an annual “Sewer Festival.” It is not uncommon to see residents enjoying a picnic on the grass covering the sewage treatment tanks. In April 2000, municipalities equipped with Soil Purification Act facilities established the National Association of Municipalities for the Soil Purification Act. While the association aims to facilitate the exchange of information regarding maintenance and management, it also demonstrates the municipalities’ determination to take the lead in advancing sewerage projects—projects that had previously been carried out under national guidance—on their own. Meanwhile, in response to cuts in public works budgets, the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism is moving to revise the previous uniform national standards. ■ Amid this trend, Mr. Kimura has proposed the “Slim Sewerage Project.” Having gained confidence through past achievements—that “the soil purification method allows for development in a short time and at low cost, with construction costs recouped through sewerage fees”—Mr. Kimura states, “It is best if residents and project operators adopt this as a technology to solve local environmental problems.” Going forward, he plans to “propose converting existing treatment plants, which incur enormous maintenance costs, to the soil purification method.” Efforts to expand into Asia are also underway. The soil remediation method has already been adopted at over 100 sites in South Korea and is attracting attention in China as well. Given its high effectiveness in improving river environments within treatment areas, the soil remediation method is sure to be in demand in Asian countries where water quality deterioration is becoming increasingly apparent.

土壌微生物による独自の排水処理技術、土壌浄化法の設置を専門とするコンサルティングを手がける毛管浄化システム株式会社は、小規模な下水道処理施設、農業集落排水施設で実績を伸ばしています。

土壌微生物による独自の排水処理技術、土壌浄化法の設置を専門とするコンサルティングを手がける毛管浄化システム株式会社は、小規模な下水道処理施設、農業集落排水施設で実績を伸ばしています。 公共事業に民間技術が導入された、希有な例としても注目されます。 また、生態系に即した技術として、今後はアジアでの展開も期待されています。 ●下水道料金でまかなえる施設 2005年度末の日本の下水道普及率は69.3%（1冴く道利用人口／総人口）ですが、人口5万人未満の市町村では39.3%に留まっています。 そもそも都市向けに設計された下水道を、全国一律で普及させることに無理があります。 それでなくても、地方自治体は厳しい予算縮減を迫られています。 こうした下水道を巡る状況に一石を投じたのが、毛管浄化システムが開発した土壌浄化法です。 「下水道の建設費用は住民一人当たり150万円以上かかるといわれています。 1万人で150億円。 1万人規模の市町村に負担できる金額ではありません。 では各戸に小型浄化槽をつければいいのか。 1世帯4人とすれば1万人で2500基、1基の電気使用料は月1000-1500円かかりますし、そのほかの維持管理費を合計すると、各家庭の負担は下水道料金の倍以上になります。 これが、本当に現実的な解決策なのでしょうか」と、同社代表取締役の木村弘子さんは問いかけています。 土壌浄化法を採用した福島県会津坂下町の坂下西浄化センターは、計画水量1400m3で、1993年度に供用を開始しました。 接続率と処理量の増加によって、99年度には400m3/日の流入量を超え、維持管理費を賄った上で黒字に転じ、起債償還もできるようになっています。 下水道料金は140円/m3です。 また、2001年度に一部供用開始した鹿児島県知覧町の中央浄化センターの場合（4000人、2400m3）、下水道料金90円／面で、はやくも翌年には黒字になっています。 ●最大の特徴 土壌被覆土壌浄化法は、土壌微生物の働きで汚濁物質を分解する独自の水処理技術です。 下水道として採用される場合は土壌被覆型礫間接触酸化法という名称で、農業集落排水処理施設の場合はニイミシステム（国土交通大臣認定）の名称になっています。 それぞれ管轄官庁、関連法が異なるためです。 いずれの場合も、基本的に沈殿分離、接触ばっ気、沈殿接触濾過、消毒、放流という流れになっています。 第1の特徴は処理施設を土壌で覆うことです。 これによって悪臭を軽減し、処理槽からの飛沫や病原菌の飛散も防止できます。 被覆された汚水処理場は、芝などの植物で覆われた緑地になります。 また雨が降れば、被覆土壌から微生物などが処理槽に落ち、槽内をよい環境に保つ役目を果たします。 2番目の特徴は、好気性微生物を固着させたろ材による接触ばっ気槽にあります。 沈殿分離槽で汚泥を1日貯留の後、接触ばっ気槽で1日かけて浄化します。 活性汚泥法のように浮遊生物を利用するばっ気槽の場合、槽内を均一にするために、専門技術者による調整が必要になります。 また、ばっ気槽は、いわばただの箱で滞留時間が短いです。 これに対し、土壌浄化法では槽内を区切って長水路にしたことで、槽内を押し流される過程で複数のタイプの微生物によって有機物が分解され、浄化能力が高く、安定した処理水を得られます。 また、槽内の調整はほとんど必要なく、メンテナンスは年に数度汚泥を抜くだけでよいです。 第3の特徴は、機械装置が少ない省エネシステムであることです。 土壌浄化法施設の建設費が低く抑えられるのは、土壌被覆によって処理場の上屋、脱臭・消泡等の装置が不要になるのが大きな要因です。 ●自治体が自ら決断して導入 2006年4月現在、全国の68施設で採用されています。 しかし、1980年の会社設立当初は「まさか下水道になるとは考えていませんでした。 公共事業の下水道に民間の技術は採用されない、といわれていましたから」と木村さんは振り返ります。 最初は、微生物を含む土壌などの間に排水を流すニイミトレンチによって、公共施設などの浄化槽や雑排水処理を手がけていました。 ニイミトレンチは建物の周囲にトレンチ（溝）を設け、土壌生態系が持つ浄化能力を活用して、動力を使わずに排水を処理するシンプルな構造のものでした。 83年には、土壌被覆型の浄化槽としてニイミシステムを確立し、500人規模までの一般認定を取得しました。 「さらに大きな規模で認定を取得するためには、微生物の種類、浄化能力などのデータを求められ、多くの調査資金と時間を要しました」（木村さん）。 現在、ニイミシステムは4000人規模まで認定を取得しています。 大きな転換点となったのは、北海道占冠村に下水道施設として土壌浄化法を採用した中央浄化センターが、1990年に誕生したことでした。 建設省（当時）は前例がないことを理由に、土壌浄化法に補助金を出さないとしました。 これに対して占冠村は管渠にだけ補助を求め、結果的にモデル施設として補助が認められることとなりました。 通常の下水処理方式では5億円を要する1000人、460m3の処理施設が、土壌浄化法では1億3000万円で建設できました。 続いて3ヵ所がモデル施設になったことで、91年、建設省は自治体の強い要望があれば土壌浄化法を下水道事業として補助対象にするという方針を出しました。 95年度に供用開始された長野県小川村の高府浄化センターは、日本下水道事業団が初めて土壌浄化法を採択した例となり、下水道技術としての位置を確立しました。 「本来、補助事業は国民の生活をよくするためにあるはずです。 自治体や住民に過剰な、あるいは不必要な負担を強いるのでは、何のための補助事業なのかわかりません」と木村さんは指摘します。 さらに「土壌浄化法は低コストであるだけでなく、住民の方々に喜んでもらえる施設になります」と述べています。 年に1度「下水道祭」を開催する自治体も少なくありません。 下水処理槽を覆う芝生の上で、住民がお弁当を広げている光景が見られるのです。 2000年4月には、土壌浄化法施設を有する市町村によって、全国市町村土壌浄化法連絡協議会が設立されました。 維持管理などに関する情報交換を目的とすると同時に、国の指導の下に進められてきた下水道事業を、自治体が自らの手で進めようという意志を示したものでもあります。 一方、公共事業予算の削減に伴い、国土交通省は従来の全国一律基準を見直す方向にあります。 ■この流れの中で、木村さんは「スリム下水道事業」を提案しています。 これまでの実績によって「短期間、低コストで整備でき、下水道料金で建設費を償還できるのが土壌浄化法」と自信を深めてきた木村さんは、「地域の環境問題を解決する技術として、住民、事業主体に採択してもらえるのが一番」と述べています。 今後は「維持管理費が膨大にかかる既存の処理場についても、土壌浄化法への転換を提案していきたい」と考えています。 また、アジアでの展開する動きも始まっています。 すでに韓国で土壌浄化法が100ヵ所以上で採用されているほか、中国でも注目されています。 処理区内の河川環境改善にも効果が高い土壌浄化法は、水環境の悪化が顕在化しているアジアの国々で必要とされるに違いありません。

Illegal Waste Dumping in a Forest Area of Yubari City, Hokkaido (Late 1990s–2001)

Illegal Waste Dumping in a Forest Area of Yubari City, Hokkaido (Late 1990s–2001) Approximately 300,000 tons of waste were illegally dumped in a forest area of Yubari City, Hokkaido, sparking a major social controversy. The waste consisted primarily of construction debris (approximately 200,000 tons) and industrial waste (approximately 100,000 tons), and asbestos and heavy metals were detected in some of it. Because the vast mountainous area was used for dumping, it took time for the issue to be discovered, and it came to light in 2000 following a report from a local resident. A total of approximately 20 billion yen was required for cleanup, with the national government covering 12 billion yen, Hokkaido Prefecture 6 billion yen, and private companies 2 billion yen. Measures such as the installation of surveillance cameras and amendments to laws were implemented to strengthen efforts to prevent illegal dumping and protect the environment. This incident served as a catalyst for improvements in environmental policy.

北海道夕張市・森林地帯での廃棄物投棄（1990年代末～2001年）

北海道夕張市・森林地帯での廃棄物投棄（1990年代末～2001年） 北海道夕張市の森林地帯で約30万トンの廃棄物が不法投棄され、社会問題となりました。主に建設廃材（約20万トン）、産業廃棄物（約10万トン）を含み、一部にはアスベストや重金属が確認されました。広大な山間部を利用したため発覚に時間がかかり、2000年に地元の通報で明るみに出ました。撤去には総額約200億円が必要で、国が120億円、北海道が60億円、企業が20億円を負担。監視カメラ設置や法改正を通じ、不法投棄防止と環境保全が強化されました。この事件は環境政策改善の契機となりました。

This essay explores how humanity has shaped unequal societies throughout history.

This essay explores how humanity has shaped unequal societies throughout history. The main theme is the impact of the Agricultural Revolution on human society; drawing on the works of Yuval Noah Harari, the author explains how the advent of agriculture led to the expansion of inequality. First, prior to the Agricultural Revolution, humans lived as hunter-gatherers. It is believed that this way of life maintained a relatively egalitarian society. However, with the introduction of agriculture, people became dependent on cultivating specific crops (e.g., wheat), which led to the emergence of sedentary lifestyles. This gave rise to social hierarchies and served as a catalyst for the expansion of inequality. Sedentary life based on agriculture expanded the size of communities and led to population growth. Consequently, the introduction of a tax system became inevitable, and mechanisms for collecting taxes were established. The introduction of taxation further promoted the division of labor, leading to the emergence of people with specific roles (e.g., officials, record-keepers), which accelerated the solidification of social hierarchies. As a result, society as a whole became more complex, and the management of records and numerical data grew increasingly important. The author predicts, as discussed in Harari’s *Homo Deus*, that algorithms and artificial intelligence (AI) will further exacerbate inequality. He warns that just as the Agricultural Revolution led to humanity becoming dominated by plants, AI has the potential to dominate humanity in the modern era. AI risks replacing human intelligence and labor, thereby diminishing the role of humans. Furthermore, the author discusses the power of narratives throughout history. Narratives have shaped the belief systems shared by people and played a crucial role in supporting social order and values. These narratives have guided people’s actions and thoughts through symbols such as caste systems, religions, and national flags. He also points out that stories blur the line between reality and fiction and can become a means of controlling people. The author argues that many of the problems facing modern society have arisen from these historical transformations. Since the Agricultural Revolution, while humanity has sought to utilize plants and animals, it has conversely ended up being dominated by them; furthermore, social inequality has been entrenched through tax systems and the formation of narratives. In conclusion, the author proposes that in order to change the current situation where the systems and narratives created by humanity are causing suffering, we must rewrite new narratives and update them to address contemporary challenges. The author suggests that by understanding the power of narratives and utilizing them appropriately, we can build a more equal and happier society.

この文章は、歴史を通じて人類がどのようにして不平等な社会を形成してきたかを探るものです。

この文章は、歴史を通じて人類がどのようにして不平等な社会を形成してきたかを探るものです。 主なテーマは農業革命が人類社会に与えた影響で、著者はユヴァル・ノア・ハラリの著書を参考にしつつ、農業の開始がどのようにして不平等を拡大させたかを述べています。 まず、農業革命以前、人類は狩猟採集民として生活していました。 この生活様式では、比較的平等な社会が維持されていたとされています。 しかし、農業が導入されると、特定の植物（例：小麦）を育てることに依存するようになり、その結果、定住生活が始まりました。 これが社会階層を生み出し、不平等が拡大するきっかけとなりました。 農業による定住生活は、集団の規模を拡大し、人口増加をもたらしました。 これに伴い、税制の導入が不可避となり、税金を徴収する仕組みが生まれました。 税制の導入はさらに分業を促進し、特定の役割を持つ人々（例：役人、記録者）が現れ、これが社会階層の固定化を加速させました。 これにより、社会全体が複雑化し、記録と数値の管理が重要となっていきました。 著者は、ハラリの『ホモ・デウス』で述べられるように、アルゴリズムや人工知能（AI）がさらに不平等を助長すると予測しています。 農業革命が人類を植物に支配される結果を招いたように、現代においてはAIが人類を支配する可能性があるという警告を発しています。 AIは人間の知能や労働を代替し、結果的に人間の役割を減少させる恐れがあります。 さらに、著者は歴史を通じた物語の力についても言及しています。 物語は人々が共有する信念体系を形成し、社会の秩序や価値観を支える重要な役割を果たしてきました。 これらの物語は、カースト制度や宗教、国旗といった象徴を通じて、人々の行動や思考を導いてきました。 物語が現実とフィクションの境界を曖昧にし、人々を支配する手段となることも指摘しています。 著者は、現代社会が直面する問題の多くが、これらの歴史的な変遷によって生じたものであると論じています。 農業革命以降、人類は植物や動物を利用しようとする一方で、逆にそれらに支配される結果となり、また、税制や物語の形成によって社会的不平等が固定化されてきました。 結論として、著者は、人類が作り上げたシステムや物語が人々を苦しめている現状を変えるためには、新たな物語を作り直し、現代の課題に対応するためのアップデートが必要であると提案しています。 物語の力を理解し、それを適切に活用することで、より平等で幸福な社会を築くことができると示唆しています。

Strengthening Producer Liability Insurance for Medical Waste in Shanghai, China, and Japan: The Current Situation in 2020

Strengthening Producer Liability Insurance for Medical Waste in Shanghai, China, and Japan: The Current Situation in 2020 The COVID-19 pandemic generated massive amounts of medical waste, making its proper disposal a pressing social issue. In particular, major metropolitan areas such as Wuhan and Beijing saw a marked surge in infectious waste; in 2020, approximately 240 tons of medical waste per day were sent to treatment facilities in Wuhan. In Beijing, approximately 400 tons of medical waste were generated daily that same year, making the expansion of disposal capacity an urgent priority. Major items included in medical waste are plastic protective gear, masks, and syringes, which require strict management as highly infectious waste. If these items are not properly disposed of, the risk of environmental pollution and health hazards increases, and they can also contribute to the spread of infection. Across China, a cumulative total of 260,000 tons of medical waste was generated in 2020 alone. In response to this situation, major insurance companies such as Sompo Japan and Tokio Marine & Nichido Fire Insurance have strengthened their medical waste producer liability insurance. Specifically, they have utilized GPS and RFID technologies for waste tracking and management, and by 2021, more than 80% of waste treatment facilities nationwide had adopted these technologies. Furthermore, mechanisms have been expanded to ensure that insurance fully covers the costs of removal and remediation in cases where illegal dumping is discovered, with compensation per incident reaching up to 100 million yen in some cases. In the 2020s, companies have also been strengthening their environmental protection initiatives. Waste management companies such as Japan Environmental Design Co., Ltd. and Ecosystem Co., Ltd. have introduced new incineration and waste detoxification technologies to improve their medical waste processing capacity, increasing incineration capacity by 20% in 2022. Ecosystem Co., Ltd. is detoxifying 5,000 tons of medical waste annually using a detoxification treatment system installed in 2021. Furthermore, in China, Shanghai significantly tightened its medical waste disposal standards in 2021. New regulations were enacted imposing fines of up to 5 million yuan (approximately 85 million yen) for negligence in the management or disposal of infectious waste. These regulations apply not only to waste disposal companies but also to medical institutions, and in 2022, the number of cases subject to penalties in Shanghai reached 30.

中国・上海および日本における医療廃棄物排出者責任保険の強化 - 2020年の現状

中国・上海および日本における医療廃棄物排出者責任保険の強化 - 2020年の現状 新型コロナウイルス感染症の流行により、大量の医療廃棄物が発生し、その適切な処理が社会的な課題となりました。特に、武漢市や北京市などの大都市圏では、感染性廃棄物の急増が顕著で、2020年に武漢市では1日あたり約240トンの医療廃棄物が処理施設に送られました。北京市では同年に約1日400トンの医療廃棄物が発生し、その処理能力の拡大が急務となりました。 医療廃棄物に含まれる主な物質としては、プラスチック製の防護具、マスク、注射器などがあり、これらは感染性の高い廃棄物として厳重な管理が求められています。これらが適切に処理されない場合、環境汚染や健康被害のリスクが高まり、感染拡大の要因ともなります。中国全土では2020年に1年間で累計26万トンの医療廃棄物が発生しました。 このような状況を受けて、損保ジャパンや東京海上日動火災保険などの大手保険会社は、医療廃棄物排出者責任保険を強化しました。具体的には、廃棄物の追跡管理においてGPSやRFID技術を活用し、2021年までに全国で80%以上の廃棄物処理施設がこれらの技術を導入しています。さらに、不法投棄が発覚した場合、除去や浄化にかかる費用を全額保険でカバーする仕組みが拡充され、1件あたりの補償額は最大で1億円に達するケースもあります。 2020年代には、各企業も環境保護に向けた取り組みを強化しています。日本環境設計株式会社やエコシステム株式会社などの廃棄物処理業者は、医療廃棄物の処理能力を向上させるため、新たな焼却技術や廃棄物の無害化技術を導入し、2022年には焼却能力を20%増強しました。エコシステム株式会社では、2021年に設置された無害化処理装置によって、年間5000トンの医療廃棄物を無害化処理しています。 さらに、中国では、2021年に上海市が医療廃棄物の処理基準を大幅に強化しました。感染性廃棄物の管理や処理を怠った場合、最大で500万元（約8500万円）の罰金が科される新たな規則が施行されました。この規則は、廃棄物処理業者だけでなく、医療機関にも適用されており、2022年には上海市で処罰対象となった案件が30件に上りました。

The Current State of Kawasaki City’s Eco-Town—The 2020s

The Current State of Kawasaki City’s Eco-Town—The 2020s Now that we have entered the 2020s, Kawasaki City’s Eco-Town has evolved further, with the introduction of renewable energy and the advancement of waste recycling technologies. In particular, the annual volume of recycled plastic has increased to approximately 50,000 tons, and this recycled plastic is being used to produce ammonia and hydrogen energy. This contributes to reducing CO2 emissions, and an increasing number of companies are participating in these initiatives. Showa Denko continues to refine its technology for producing ammonia from recycled plastic, achieving a 20% annual improvement in production efficiency. Additionally, the use of hydrogen energy is expanding; in particular, Toshiba Energy Systems & Solutions is strengthening the supply of hydrogen generated from waste to fuel cell vehicles and industrial fuel cells. Furthermore, Kawasaki City Eco-Town is conducting research and development on Carbon Capture, Utilization, and Storage (CCUS) technology. A pilot program is underway to capture CO2 generated during waste treatment and reuse it in industrial processes. This technology is attracting attention as an urban carbon cycle model through collaboration with chemical plants and power plants concentrated in Kawasaki’s coastal area. Furthermore, renewable energy sources such as solar and wind power form the core of the Eco-Town’s energy supply. Hitachi, Ltd. has installed large-scale solar power facilities that supply enough electricity to power 50,000 households annually. In the field of wind power, the Eco-Town is partnering with overseas companies such as Vestas to introduce more efficient power generation systems. As an advanced project linking urban waste management with energy circulation, Kawasaki City Eco-Town is attracting an increasing number of visitors from both Japan and abroad, and further participation from new technologies and companies is anticipated. In particular, efforts are being intensified toward the goal of reducing CO2 emissions by 50% by 2030, and Kawasaki City is further enhancing its presence as a model case for sustainable urban development.

川崎市・川崎エコタウンの現状-2020年代

川崎市・川崎エコタウンの現状-2020年代 2020年代に入った現在、川崎市エコタウンはさらに進化を遂げ、再生可能エネルギーの導入や廃棄物リサイクル技術が高度化しています。特に、廃プラスチックのリサイクル量は年間約5万トンにまで増加しており、このリサイクルプラスチックを使用して、アンモニアや水素エネルギーの生成が行われています。これにより、CO2排出量削減に貢献し、さらに多くの企業がこの取り組みに参加しています。 昭和電工は引き続き、リサイクルプラスチックを用いたアンモニアの製造技術を改良し、年間20％の生産効率向上を達成。加えて、水素エネルギーの利用も拡大しており、特に東芝エネルギーシステムズは、廃棄物から生成した水素を活用した燃料電池車や産業用燃料電池への供給を強化しています。 また、川崎市エコタウンは、二酸化炭素回収・利用技術（CCUS）の研究開発も行っており、廃棄物処理の際に発生するCO2を回収し、それを工業プロセスに再利用する技術が試験運用されています。この技術は、川崎市臨海部に集中する化学工場や発電所との連携により、都市型の炭素循環モデルとして注目されています。 さらに、エコタウンのエネルギー供給の中心となるのは、太陽光発電や風力発電などの再生可能エネルギーです。日立製作所は、大規模な太陽光発電設備を設置し、年間5万世帯分の電力を供給しています。また、風力発電の分野では、Vestasなどの海外企業とも提携し、より効率的な発電システムの導入が進んでいます。 川崎市エコタウンは、都市型の廃棄物処理とエネルギー循環を結びつけた先進的なプロジェクトとして、国内外からの視察が増加しており、今後も新たな技術や企業の参画が期待されています。特に、2030年までにCO2排出量を50％削減する目標に向けた取り組みが強化されており、川崎市は持続可能な都市づくりのモデルケースとして、その存在感をさらに高めています。

Regarding the implementation of ISO 14025 environmental labels (Type III), operating bodies in various countries—including Japan’s EcoLeaf—are taking steps toward standardization. In particular, methods for disclosing quantitative environmental information based on LCA (Life Cycle Assessment) are attracting attention. This will enable end users to comprehensively evaluate the environmental aspects of products on their own. Furthermore, countries such as Sweden are considering the creation of product data sheets for consumers, and similar initiatives are underway in Japan as well.

Regarding the implementation of ISO 14025 environmental labels (Type III), operating bodies in various countries—including Japan’s EcoLeaf—are taking steps toward standardization. In particular, methods for disclosing quantitative environmental information based on LCA (Life Cycle Assessment) are attracting attention. This will enable end users to comprehensively evaluate the environmental aspects of products on their own. Furthermore, countries such as Sweden are considering the creation of product data sheets for consumers, and similar initiatives are underway in Japan as well. --- Environmental venture companies are attracting attention. In particular, the development of new technologies and products—such as oil spill recovery materials and environmental remediation technologies—is advancing, and market expansion is anticipated. This is expected to contribute to solving environmental problems and creating new business opportunities. --- Technology development through collaboration between companies and universities is progressing. In the field of environmental technology, in particular, there are high expectations for the development of new technologies and products utilizing university research findings. This is driving technological innovation and the creation of new business ventures. --- The greening of agriculture is advancing. The introduction of organic farming and traceability is expected to enhance the safety of agricultural products and reduce environmental impact. This addresses consumer safety concerns while working toward the realization of sustainable agriculture. --- The adoption of heat pump systems is gaining momentum. By utilizing geothermal heat and heat from wastewater, energy efficiency is expected to improve, leading to cost reductions. For example, Sony EMCS and Tokyo Dome City have installed heat pumps to improve the efficiency of their heating and cooling systems. This has resulted in reduced electricity consumption and the elimination of heavy oil boilers. Additionally, Kubota offers heat pumps that utilize geothermal heat, groundwater, and river water, providing optimal system solutions. --- The Eco Business Network hosts study groups focused on market trends and business development in the environmental sector. Through these sessions, participants share expertise on market creation, customer acquisition, and sales channel development, aiming to achieve success in environmental business. --- Demand for Japanese environmental technologies is growing both domestically and internationally. In particular, water treatment, renewable energy, and waste treatment technologies are attracting significant attention, and Japanese companies are expected to maintain a competitive edge in these fields. Furthermore, government policies are supporting these efforts, and initiatives are underway to realize a sustainable society. --- Cooperation from local residents is crucial for environmental protection. In particular, there is a need for planning that leverages the unique characteristics of each region and for building cooperative relationships with local residents. This approach aims to achieve a balance between environmental protection and economic development. --- Powdered oil gelling agents are gaining attention as recovery materials for oil spills. Alpha Japan Co., Ltd. developed the world’s first powdered oil gelling agent, which is used in oceans, rivers, factories, and soil. This gelling agent efficiently recovers contaminated oil and contributes to environmental protection. Since the 1997 Nakhodka incident, oil spills have been on the rise, and the company’s products are playing a key role in addressing them. --- The Ministry of the Environment’s 2003 White Paper focuses on the theme of “Transformation toward a Sustainable Society Starting from Local Communities.” It argues that initiatives at the individual and community levels are crucial for solving global environmental problems, and that small actions in daily life have the potential to transform the entire socio-economic system. Additionally, the White Paper on a Recycling-Oriented Society explains specific numerical targets and methods for achieving them as part of the “Pathway to a Recycling-Oriented Society.” --- These summaries condense the main points listed at the top of each page into approximately 300 characters.

ISO14025の環境ラベル（タイプⅢ）の運用について、日本のエコリーフを含む各国の運用機関が規格化に向けて動き出しています。特に、LCA（ライフサイクルアセスメント）に基づく定量的な環境情報の開示方法が注目されています。これにより、エンドユーザー自身が製品の環境側面を総合的に評価することが可能になります。また、スウェーデンなどでは消費者向けの製品データシート作成が検討されており、日本でも同様の取り組みが進められています。

ISO14025の環境ラベル（タイプⅢ）の運用について、日本のエコリーフを含む各国の運用機関が規格化に向けて動き出しています。特に、LCA（ライフサイクルアセスメント）に基づく定量的な環境情報の開示方法が注目されています。これにより、エンドユーザー自身が製品の環境側面を総合的に評価することが可能になります。また、スウェーデンなどでは消費者向けの製品データシート作成が検討されており、日本でも同様の取り組みが進められています。 --- 環境ベンチャー企業が注目されています。特に、油流出事故の回収資材や環境浄化技術など、新しい技術や製品の開発が進んでおり、市場の拡大が期待されています。これにより、環境問題の解決と新たなビジネスチャンスの創出が図られています。 --- 企業と大学の連携による技術開発が進んでいます。特に、環境技術の分野では、大学の研究成果を活用した新技術や新製品の開発が期待されています。これにより、技術革新と新規事業の創出が図られています。 --- 農業のグリーン化が進んでいます。有機農業やトレーサビリティの導入により、農産物の安全性と環境負荷の低減が期待されています。これにより、消費者の安全志向に応えるとともに、持続可能な農業の実現が図られています。 --- ヒートポンプシステムの導入が進んでいます。地中熱や下水の熱を利用することで、エネルギー効率を高め、コスト削減が見込まれます。例えば、ソニーEMCSと東京ドームシティでは、ヒートポンプを導入し、冷暖房システムの効率化を図っています。これにより、投入電力の削減や重油ボイラーの廃止が実現されています。また、クボタでは地中や地下水、河川水を利用したヒートポンプを提供しており、最適なシステムを提案しています。 --- エコビジネスネットワークでは、環境ビジネスに関する市場や事業開発をテーマとした研究会を開催しています。これにより、参加者は市場創造や顧客開拓、販売ルート構築などのノウハウを共有し、環境ビジネスの成功を目指しています。 --- 日本の環境技術は、国内外で需要が高まっています。特に、水処理技術や再生可能エネルギー技術、廃棄物処理技術などが注目されており、日本企業はこれらの分野で競争力を持つことが期待されています。また、政府の政策もこれを後押ししており、持続可能な社会の実現に向けた取り組みが進められています。 --- 地域住民の協力が環境保護に重要です。特に、地域ごとの特性を活かしたプランニングや、地域住民との協力体制の構築が求められています。これにより、環境保護と経済発展の両立が図られます。 --- 油流出事故の回収資材として注目されているのが、粉末油ゲル化剤です。株式会社アルファジャパンは、世界初の粉末油ゲル化剤を開発し、海洋や河川、工場、土壌などで利用されています。このゲル化剤は、汚染油を効率的に回収し、環境保護に貢献しています。1997年のナホトカ号事故以降、油流出事故が増加しており、同社の製品がその解決に役立っています。 --- 環境省の2003年版白書では、「地域社会から始まる持続可能な社会への変革」をテーマにしています。個人や地域レベルでの取り組みが地球規模の環境問題解決に重要であり、日常生活での小さな取り組みが社会経済全体を変える可能性があると説いています。また、循環型社会白書では、「循環型社会への道筋」として具体的な数値目標やその達成方法について解説しています。 --- これらの要約は、各ページの上部に記載されていた主要な内容を300字程度でまとめたものです。

Currently, approximately 19 million tons of food waste are generated annually in this country.

Currently, approximately 19 million tons of food waste are generated annually in this country. Among this, the volume of food waste generated by supermarkets, convenience stores, hotels, and the restaurant industry has been particularly notable recently; however, most of it is sent to landfills or incinerated, with the recycling rate remaining below 1%. To address this situation, the government approved the “Bill to Promote the Reuse of Food Circular Resources” in a cabinet meeting at the end of last month and submitted it to the Diet with the aim of recycling the large volumes of food waste generated by food businesses and others. Furthermore, companies outside the food industry, as well as hotels and convenience stores, are increasingly working to recycle food waste generated on their premises as part of their efforts to obtain ISO 14001 certification. In response to these trends, nearly 200 to 300 companies have entered the market for food waste processing equipment, which is essential for handling food waste. This article introduces the current status and challenges of such processing equipment. ● Features and Challenges by Type Composting Type (Fertilizer Type, Feed Type): This method uses microorganisms to ferment food waste and recycle it into fertilizer or feed, and it is the most widespread. They appeared quite early in the 1990s and are used in numerous locations, including businesses, local governments, and schools. The composted end product is utilized as fertilizer or animal feed depending on its composition. The advantages of the composting type are that it is familiar to users and allows for the processing of food waste in a short period of time. However, major issues with this type include odors such as ammonia generated during composting, as well as the intended uses of the resulting fertilizer and animal feed. Regarding odors, while there are differences depending on heating methods and how the food waste is stirred inside the unit, the primary cause is that rapid fermentation—necessary for quick processing—tends to generate large amounts of foul odors all at once. Manufacturers are increasingly including deodorization and odor-elimination devices to suppress odors, but this inevitably drives up the purchase price. Furthermore, the quality of the resulting fertilizer and animal feed is heavily dependent on the contents and fermentation conditions, making recycling a significant challenge. Recently, some manufacturers have begun partnering with farmers and livestock producers to take back the end products. However, issues such as quality assurance for the products, transportation costs to the collection points, labor costs for removing foreign matter, and—in the case of feed—price competition with imported feed mean that these initiatives remain limited to a few cases. This is likely to be a major challenge for widespread adoption in the future. Elimination Type: This method uses microorganisms to break down food waste into water and carbon dioxide, significantly reducing its volume. It is currently the most common type among new entrants to the market. Although the waste does not completely disappear, this term is used because the volume is drastically reduced. Basically, wood chips or similar materials are used as a substrate, which is then agitated to allow microorganisms to break down the food waste into water and carbon dioxide. If the substrate is replaced regularly, the system can be used for a long period. A major advantage is that, unlike the composting type, there is no need to consider where to use the end product. However, the decomposition type is not a panacea and has several issues. First is the price. For systems with a processing capacity of 1,000 kilograms per day or more, many models cost over 10 million yen, placing them in a higher price bracket compared to other options. The next issue is the disposal of used microbial bed material. Since food waste in Japan has a relatively high salt concentration, salt becomes concentrated in the microbial bed material during the treatment process. This salt not only shortens the lifespan of the microorganisms but also limits the subsequent uses of the microbial bed material. While some manufacturers will take back the material for use as soil conditioners, others are promoting incineration due to the salt content issue. Furthermore, because microorganisms are used, the problem of foul odors is unavoidable, just as it is with composting systems. Additionally, in the case of the drainage-type system within the decomposition category, depending on the contents, the effluent may exceed the discharge standards set by the Water Pollution Control Act; therefore, attention must be paid to this point as well. Drying Type: This method heats and dries food waste to reduce its volume. It makes it easier to handle contaminants such as foreign objects, and since heat sterilization occurs during drying, the dried material can be easily used as raw material for fertilizers or animal feed, and odor issues are less of a concern. However, the volume reduction rate is lower compared to composting or incineration types, and there are energy cost issues associated with heating. While this may be acceptable for primary treatment, it presents some challenges when considering the recycling process as a whole. Carbonization Type: While this method is often associated with carbonizing wood-based waste for use as soil conditioners or water purification materials, it is also utilized for food waste treatment. Most systems employ a method where sealed food waste is indirectly heated from the outside using electricity or a burner. Like the drying type, there are no issues with foreign matter contamination or foul odors, and the volume reduction rate is high. However, in the case of burner-type systems, compliance with the Fire Service Act can be an issue, and energy costs are also a concern. Since there are still few manufacturers in this market and limited track records of installations, it is necessary to monitor future developments. Hydrothermal Treatment Type: Although similar to the incineration type, it was classified separately because the treatment method differs significantly from conventional methods. Jointly developed by Ishikawajima-Harima Heavy Industries and Shinryo Refrigeration & Air Conditioning at the end of 1999, this system uses subcritical water technology and wet oxidation to decompose food waste into water and carbon dioxide. The treated water can be discharged directly into the sewer system. Unlike conventional incineration systems, it completely decomposes all materials except inorganic substances, resulting in virtually no residual waste. Because it operates continuously with no open sections, no odors are generated, and processing time is reduced. Since water is used, there are absolutely no byproducts after processing, making this a system that enables zero-emission food waste treatment. However, concerns remain regarding its high cost, the time required to amortize the equipment, and energy costs. There are also various other challenges, including technical issues, operational management, and maintenance of the processed materials. While technology for food waste treatment is steadily advancing, many challenges remain. It is hoped that these challenges will be overcome in the future, leading to the widespread adoption of more efficient and environmentally friendly treatment methods.

現在、この国では年間約1900万トンもの食品廃棄物が発生しています。

現在、この国では年間約1900万トンもの食品廃棄物が発生しています。 この中でも、最近は特にスーパーやコンビニ、ホテル、外食産業からの生ごみの発生量が目立ちますが、そのほとんどが埋め立てや焼却され、リサイクル率は1％にも満たない状況です。 こうした状況を打開するため、政府は先月末、「食品循環資源再利用促進法案」を閣議決定し、食品事業者などから大量に排出される生ごみなどの再生利用を目指して国会に提出しました。 また、食品事業者以外の企業やホテル、コンビニなどではISO 14001の取得に伴い、事業所内で発生する生ごみの再資源化に取り組む動きも活発になっています。 こうした動きを受けて、生ごみ処理に必須の処理機の事業には200〜300近い企業が参入しています。 本稿では、こうした処理機の現状と課題について紹介します。 ●種類別の特徴と課題 コンポスト型（肥料型、飼料型）：生ごみを微生物を用いて発酵させ、肥料や飼料として再資源化するもので、最も普及しています。 90年代のかなり早い段階から登場し、企業や自治体、学校など数多くの場所で使用されています。 堆肥化された生成物は、その内容に応じて肥料や飼料として利用されます。 利用者にとって馴染み深く、また短時間での生ごみ処理が可能な点がコンポスト型の利点です。 しかし、このタイプではコンポスト化の際に発生するアンモニアなどの臭気や生成物として出てくる肥料と飼料の用途が大きな問題となります。 臭気に関しては加熱や内部での生ごみの攪拌方法により違いはありますが、短時間での処理のために急速に発酵させることから、大量の悪臭が一度に発生しやすくなることが大きな原因となっています。 メーカー側では臭気を抑えるため、脱臭・消臭装置をセットにするケースも増えていますが、その分購入費用も高くなってしまいます。 また生成された肥料・飼料に関しては、内容物や発酵条件によってその品質が大きく左右されてしまうため、リサイクルの上で大きな問題となっています。 最近では農家や畜産業者と提携し、生成品を引き取るメーカーも出てきていますが、生成品の品質保証や引き取り先までの運送費、混入している異物の除去などの人件費、さらに飼料では海外飼料との価格競争の問題もあり、こうした動きはまだ一部に限られており、今後の普及の上で大きな課題となりそうです。 消滅型：生ごみを微生物を使って水と炭酸ガスに分解し、大幅に減量するもので、最近では新規参入業者の中で最も多いタイプです。 完全に消え去るわけではないものの、大幅に減量されることからこの表現が用いられています。 基本的には木材チップなどを菌床材にして攪拌し、微生物により生ごみを水と炭酸ガスに分解させます。 菌床材を定期的に交換すれば長期間使用することが可能です。 コンポスト型のように生成品の利用先を考えずに済むのが大きな利点です。 ただし消滅型も万能というわけではなく、いくつかの問題点があります。 まずは価格です。 処理能力1000キログラム/日以上のものでは、価格が1000万円を超える機種が多く、他のものに比べて高価格帯のケースが多いです。 次に問題なのは使用済みの菌床材の処理です。 日本の食品廃棄物は塩分濃度が比較的高いため、処理に伴い菌床材に塩分が濃縮されてしまいます。 この塩分は微生物の寿命を縮めるだけでなく、菌床材のその後の用途を限定してしまう要因にもなっています。 メーカーによっては土壌改良剤などとして引き取ってくれるところもありますが、含有塩分の問題から焼却を進めているメーカーもあります。 さらに微生物を使うため、悪臭の問題もコンポスト型同様避けて通れない問題となっています。 また消滅型でも排水を流すタイプの場合、内容物によるが成分的に水質汚濁防止法による排水基準を超えるような排水が出る場合もあり、この点にも注意を払わなければなりません。 乾燥型：生ごみを加熱して乾燥し、減量化するものです。 異物の混入などにも対処しやすく、また乾燥により熱殺菌を行なうため、乾燥物を肥料や飼料の原料として利用しやすく、悪臭の問題もあまり気にせずに済みます。 ただし、減量化率がコンポスト型や消滅型に比べて低く、加熱時のエネルギーコストの問題があります。 一次処理を考えるならばともかく、リサイクル全体を考えると多少の問題があるといえます。 炭化型：木質系の廃棄物を炭化し、土壌改良剤や水質浄化材として利用されるイメージがありますが、生ごみ処理にも利用されています。 多くは密閉した生ごみを外部から電気やバーナーで間接的に加熱する方式が取られています。 乾燥型同様、異物の混入や悪臭などの問題はなく、減容化率も高いです。 ただし、バーナー式の場合は消防法との絡みが問題になるほか、エネルギーコストが問題となります。 まだ参入メーカーや納入実績ともに少ないため、今後の動向を見守る必要があります。 水熱処理型：消滅型に近いですが、処理方法が従来のものとはかなり異なるため、敢えて分類しました。 99年末に石川島播磨重工業と新菱冷熱工業が共同開発したもので、亜臨界水技術と湿式酸化処理などを用いて生ごみを水と炭酸ガスに分解します。 処理後の水は直接下水道に放出できます。 従来の消滅型と違い、無機物以外は完全分解するため、若干の残渣も発生しません。 連続処理で開放部がないため臭気が発生せず、処理時間も短くなっています。 水を使用しているため、処理後の生成物が一切なく、生ごみ処理のゼロエミッション化を可能とした装置です。 しかし、価格が高額であり、設備償却に時間がかかることや、エネルギーコストの問題が懸念されます。 また、技術的な問題や運転管理、処理物の維持管理など、さまざまな課題もあります。 食品廃棄物の処理に関する技術は着実に進歩していますが、依然として課題も多く残されています。 今後はこれらの課題を克服し、より効率的で環境に優しい処理方法が普及していくことが望まれます。

The market for organic products—grown using organic fertilizers without pesticides or chemical fertilizers—is expanding.

The market for organic products—grown using organic fertilizers without pesticides or chemical fertilizers—is expanding. Organic cotton (pesticide-free cotton) is particularly in the spotlight, with the current estimated annual market size at approximately 1 trillion yen. Although the price at the raw cotton stage is about twice that of conventional cotton, the market is growing as these products are considered environmentally friendly, with the use of pesticides and chemicals minimized from cultivation through to manufacturing. Avanti Co., Ltd., the company featured here, is a specialized trading firm that has been handling organic cotton for eight years and is a pioneer in the import of organic cotton to Japan. We spoke with Chieko Watanabe, the company’s president. ● How She Discovered Organic Cotton Ms. Watanabe founded Avanti Co., Ltd. in 1985. While importing a wide range of household goods, she encountered organic cotton in 1990. “It all started when an acquaintance asked me to import it to Japan, and I agreed on a whim. Up until then, I had always associated cotton with a natural image, so I became interested when I learned that organically grown cotton existed.” She immediately began importing fabric from the United States, but initially, annual sales amounted to only a few million yen. “Back then, even though we called it organic cotton, nobody in Japan knew what it was, and there was absolutely no information available. I took the plunge and visited Texas, the largest producer of organic cotton.” In Texas, she toured facilities covering everything from organic cotton production to distribution. Texas has long been a major cotton-producing region, and it is known for its strategic initiatives regarding organic cotton—such as the state Department of Agriculture establishing its own standards in 1989. Various innovative practices were in place, such as refraining from using defoliants during harvesting, using natural predators for pest control, utilizing the abundant cattle manure in Texas as organic fertilizer, and minimizing the use of chemicals at every stage of the process, right up to sewing. Furthermore, the state Department of Agriculture had established a robust management system to prevent fraud, such as inflating production figures or using pesticides, covering the entire process from production to distribution. “Above all, I was deeply moved by my encounters with the cotton farmers.” This is because most of them are Christians who view it as their mission to pass on the farmland they currently cultivate in a healthy state to the next generation and, ultimately, to God. Organic farming had become part of their religious beliefs, and Mr. Watanabe—himself a farmer’s son from Hokkaido—resonated with their view of nature and resolved to make organic cotton his life’s work. Upon returning to Japan, he began preparations to establish a trading company specializing in organic cotton. In 1993, he founded the local subsidiary “KatanHouse” in Texas and received certification from the Texas Department of Agriculture to handle organic cotton. ● Sales of our own brand began in February Although we were now able to import raw cotton and process it, we were starting from scratch with absolutely no existing demand, which made it extremely difficult to find companies willing to cooperate. Since organic cotton does not use chemicals, it requires a different manufacturing process than conventional cotton, so spinning mills, textile manufacturers, and garment manufacturers all needed a deep understanding of organic cotton. Nevertheless, after visiting various manufacturers, eight companies agreed to cooperate in the production of organic cotton products. Furthermore, during this process, Mr. Watanabe—who was a complete novice when it came to textiles—began learning everything from technical terminology to the fundamentals of textiles. In 1993, the nine companies—the eight mentioned earlier plus Avanti—established the “Japan/Texas Organic Cotton Association” and even managed to organize an inspection trip to Texas. They established supply rates, and as the use of organic cotton in baby and children’s clothing, bedding, and other items increased, major apparel manufacturers like Wacoal and World were on the verge of adopting it around 1995. However, the Great Hanshin Earthquake struck, causing these manufacturers based in the Kansai region to postpone their plans to adopt organic cotton. “While it was unavoidable, it was a painful blow because we were just starting to get things on track.” Nevertheless, they used this as an opportunity to resolve not only to supply raw cotton but also to produce finished products under their own brand. “Organic cotton won’t catch on unless people buy it because it’s lovely and discover later that it’s organic—not because they assume it must be expensive just because it’s organic. To achieve that, we need to move away from designs that look a bit old-fashioned.” Through various innovations, such as incorporating embroidered lace made with organic cotton thread, we have developed sophisticated designs. “By processing the raw cotton in Japan, we can utilize advanced sewing techniques while also hoping to encourage the textile industry to consider environmentally friendly products,” he says, noting that fabric production, design, and sewing are all carried out almost entirely within Japan. In late February 1998, the company finally launched its own brand, “Pristine.” Sales began at the Matsuya Department Store in Ginza. Plans for several other locations have also been finalized. “After eight years of working with organic cotton, we’ve reached a stage where we first encouraged textile manufacturers to produce the fabric, then asked apparel manufacturers to use it, and finally, the retail industry is asking us, ‘Please let us carry your products.’” Thanks to sales of our own brand, we expect a 50% increase in sales in 1998 compared to the previous year. “For Mr. Watanabe, his encounter with organic cotton marked the start of his second life. ‘I plan to continue promoting its use, and I hope that in the future, organic cotton will become a completely ordinary material,’ he said.”

農薬や化学肥料を使わずに有機肥料で栽培したオーガニック製品が市場を拡大しています。

農薬や化学肥料を使わずに有機肥料で栽培したオーガニック製品が市場を拡大しています。 なかでも脚光を浴びているのがオーガニックコットン（無農薬栽培綿）で、現在の推定年間市場規模は約1兆円です。 価格は原綿の段階で通常コットンの約2倍と割高になりますが、栽培から縫製に至るまで農薬や化学薬品の使用を極力抑えた環境負荷の低い製品として、市場が広がっています。 今回紹介する（株）アバンティはオーガニックコットンを扱って8年になる専門商社で、日本におけるオーガニックコットン輸入の草分けでもあります。 同社の渡辺智恵子社長にお話を伺いました。 ●オーガニックコットンとの出会い 渡辺さんが（株）アバンティを設立したのは1985年です。 生活雑貨全般の輸入を手掛ける中で、90年にオーガニックコットンに出会いました。 「知人から日本への輸入を頼まれ、軽い気持ちで引き受けたのがきっかけです。 それまでコットンというとナチュラルなイメージがありましたので、有機栽培のコットンというものがあると知って興味を持ちました」。 さっそく米国から生地の輸入を開始しましたが、当初は年間で数百万円の売上げにしかなりませんでした。 「当時はオーガニックコットンと言っても日本では誰も知らない状態で、情報も全くありませんでした。 思い切ってオーガニックコットン最大産地であるテキサスを訪ねました」。 テキサスでは、オーガニックコットンの生産から流通までを見学しました。 テキサス州はもともと綿花の一大産地で、オーガニックコットンについても89年には州農務省が独自の基準を作るなど、戦略的な取り組みで知られています。 摘み取りの際に枯れ葉剤を使わない、天敵による害虫駆除、テキサスに多い牛のふんを有機肥料に利用する、縫製に至る全段階で化学物質の使用を極力抑えるなど、さまざまな工夫がなされていました。 さらに、生産量の水増しや農薬の使用などの不正を防ぐ管理体制も、生産から流通に至るまで州農務省によってきちんと整備されていました。 「何より、コットンの栽培農家の人々との出会いに感銘を受けました」。 というのも、彼らのほとんどがクリスチャンで、今耕している農地を健康な状態で次の世代に、そしてゆくゆくは神に返すことを使命と考えています。 有機栽培が彼らの宗教観となっており、自らも北海道の農家の出身である渡辺さんは彼らの自然観に共鳴し、オーガニックコットンをライフワークとすることを決意しました。 日本に戻り、オーガニックコットン専門商社となるための準備を始めました。 93年にはテキサス州に現地法人「KatanHouse」を設立し、同州農務省からオーガニックコットン取り扱いの認定を受けました。 ●2月から自社ブランドの販売をスタート こうして原綿を輸入して加工できることになりましたが、まったくニーズのないところからのスタートであり、だからこそ協力してくれる企業を探すのが大変でした。 オーガニックコットンは化学薬品を使わないため通常と異なる工程が必要になるので、紡績や繊維、縫製メーカーなどにもオーガニックコットンへの深い理解が必要です。 それでも色々な製造メーカーを回り、8社がオーガニックコットン製品の製造に協力してくれることになりました。 また、こうした過程で、繊維についてはまったくの素人だった渡辺さんも、専門用語に始まり繊維全般について学んでいったとのことです。 93年には前述の8社にアバンティを加えた9社で「日本／テキサスオーガニックコットン協会」を設立し、テキサスに視察に行くところまでこぎつけました。 素材供給のレートを確立し、ベビー服や子供服、寝具などへの採用が増えてきて、95年ごろにはいよいよワコールやワールドなどの大手アパレルメーカーでの採用が決まりつつありました。 ところが阪神大震災が起こったことで、これら関西を本拠地とするメーカーでのオーガニックコットン採用が見送られることになってしまいました。 「仕方のないこととはいえ、ようやく軌道に乗りつつあった矢先でしたので、これは痛かったです」。 しかし、これを機に原綿提供だけでなく、自社ブランドによる最終製品まで作ることを決意しました。 「オーガニックだから高くても当然、という売り方ではなくて、素敵だから買ってみたらオーガニックだったというふうにならなくては普及しません。 そのためには、野暮ったさのあるデザインを変えていくことが必要です」。 オーガニックコットンの糸で刺繍をしたエンブロイダリーレースを取り入れるなどの工夫を重ね、洗練されたデザインを開発してきました。 「原綿を日本で加工することで、高度な縫製技術を活かすと同時に、繊維産業界が環境保全製品について考えるきっかけになれば」と、生地製造、デザイン、縫製ともほぼ100％国内で行っています。 98年2月下旬には、ついに自社ブランド「プリスティン」を発表しました。 まずは銀座の松屋デパートから販売をスタート。 その他にもいくつかの展開が決まっています。 「8年間オーガニックコットンに関わってきて、まずは繊維メーカーに生地作りを働きかけ、次にアパレルメーカーに使用をお願いし、そしてついに流通業界から『置かせてほしい』と言ってもらえる段階に来たということでしょうか」。 自社ブランドの販売によって、98年は前年比50％増の売上げを見込んでいます。 「オーガニックコットンとの出会いは、渡辺さんにとって第二の人生のスタートだったという。 『今後も普及活動を続け、将来的には、オーガニックコットンがごく当たり前の素材となればと考えています』」。

Nikken Sogyo’s operations can be broadly divided into two categories: comprehensive building management services, and operation and maintenance services related to water treatment—such as the cleaning of building grease traps, sewage tanks, and reclaimed water systems, as well as waste disposal and the operation of water purification plants and sewage treatment plants. The company reports that management services account for approximately 50% of its business, while operation and maintenance services account for the remaining 50%.

Nikken Sogyo’s operations can be broadly divided into two categories: comprehensive building management services, and operation and maintenance services related to water treatment—such as the cleaning of building grease traps, sewage tanks, and reclaimed water systems, as well as waste disposal and the operation of water purification plants and sewage treatment plants. The company reports that management services account for approximately 50% of its business, while operation and maintenance services account for the remaining 50%. The company’s predecessor, Katayama Shoji Co., Ltd., began operations in 1941 as a general waste collection, transportation, and processing business (including human waste treatment). After the war, the company grew by securing contracts for cleaning and waste disposal at U.S. military facilities, including Yokota Air Base, and the Japan Self-Defense Forces Eastern Army. Furthermore, in the 1950s, the area along the Tobu Tojo Line in Saitama Prefecture—which had been the company’s traditional base—developed into a commuter town with an expanding sewer system. At the same time, the company expanded its business by actively obtaining registrations and permits, including licenses for general and industrial waste disposal. The company has a proven track record in wastewater treatment—such as sewage—and garbage collection. Regarding sewage, in the industrial waste disposal sector, the company manages and operates sewage treatment plants and treats mixed wastewater from building drainage tanks where wastewater from the food service industry and other sources mixes with sewage. In the general waste management sector, services include vacuum truck collection, septic tank management, and the treatment of wastewater from community plants and building sewage tanks. Recently, the company has seen a high volume of inquiries regarding the operation and management of sewage treatment plants, as well as the cleaning of building tanks—such as mixed wastewater tanks and sewage tanks—referred to as “building pits.” Currently, these two services account for roughly half of the company’s business. Regarding sewerage, we established an industrial waste treatment division in 1976, when building construction began to boom, and were quick to respond to the growing demand. In addition to building pit cleaning, for which we receive many private-sector contracts, grease trap cleaning—which involves cleaning drain grates in the food service industry—is also growing steadily. Of the hundreds of thousands of buildings and condominiums in Tokyo alone, it is estimated that only about one-third comply with regulations regarding the cleaning of pits and similar facilities. It is expected that demand will continue to grow if regulations are tightened in the future. Meanwhile, in waste collection, commercial waste is the mainstay rather than general household waste contracted from local governments. The company receives contracts from the food service industry, hotels, and office buildings to transport waste to municipal incinerators and treatment facilities. In recent years, as waste collection requirements for recycling have become stricter, the company has also been focusing its efforts on this sorted waste collection. The company currently handles three types of sorted waste: bottles, cans, and cardboard. For cans in particular, the company has purchased and installed compactors at each of its business locations. The compactors measure 60 x 120 cm and cost 500,000 yen. When cans are inserted, the machine separates them into aluminum and steel cans before compressing them to one-fourth to one-fifth of their original size. Regulations for sorted collection are expected to become even stricter in the future—including color-coding for PET bottles, polystyrene foam, and glass bottles—and the company is exploring ways to adapt to this as an opportunity for expanding demand. When asked about the company’s unique strengths, the response was, “It is, after all, our ability to secure the know-how and labor force at the front lines.” Founded in 1941, the company boasts a long track record and accumulated expertise. Additionally, through its unique connections with Brazil, it has a stable supply of Japanese-Brazilian workers, so it does not face labor shortages. Wastewater and garbage will never disappear as long as people continue to live. In other words, it can be described as a stable industry with guaranteed demand. “However, moving forward, it will be crucial not just to get the work done, but to elevate the company as a whole.” To achieve this, the company states that while expanding operations toward its future goal of an initial public offering (IPO) is essential, improving internal awareness is equally indispensable. “I believe the importance and nature of the waste management industry will be re-examined in the future. We will be required to recognize the significance of this industry and the importance of the environment, make efforts to meet customer needs, and give back profits to society.” Against the backdrop of a buyer’s market in recent years, the company has been successfully attracting motivated talent. “It is important to nurture this generation,” he says, noting that the company has established forums for employees under 30 to exchange ideas and creates opportunities to hear from guest speakers. In addition to its core business, the company sponsors events such as the environmental art exhibition “Art of the Amazonian Indigenous Peoples” (see photo on page 1), which opens on September 14. Furthermore, although the idea remains in the planning stages at this time due to cost constraints, the company aims to enter the recycling business in the future. The company believes that urine recovered from sewage tanks can be turned into organic fertilizer, and oil recovered from grease traps can be refined into high-quality machine oil.

日建総業の業務は大きく分けて建物総合管理業務と、ビルの雑排槽、汚水槽、中水設備の清掃、廃棄物処理や浄水場、下水処理場などの水処理関連の運転維持業務のふたつに分けられ、その比率は管理業務が50%、運転維持業務が50％程度だという。

日建総業の業務は大きく分けて建物総合管理業務と、ビルの雑排槽、汚水槽、中水設備の清掃、廃棄物処理や浄水場、下水処理場などの水処理関連の運転維持業務のふたつに分けられ、その比率は管理業務が50%、運転維持業務が50％程度だという。 同社の前身である片山商事株式会社が一般廃棄物収集運搬処理業（し尿処理）として業務を開始したのは昭和16年。 戦後になり横田基地をはじめとする米軍施設や自衛隊東部方面隊の消掃・廃棄物処理の仕事を受注したこと、さらには昭和30年代にもともと同社が地盤としていた埼玉県東武東上線沿線がベッドタウン化し下水道が発達したことなどによって、成長してきた。 同時に一般廃棄物、産業廃棄物処理業の許可をはじめ、登録及び許可を積極的に取得することで、事業を拡大していった。 同社で実績を上げているのが、し尿などの排水処理とゴミの収集。 し尿については、産業廃棄物処理関連では、下水道終末処理場の管理運転と、外食産業などから流れ込む排水がし尿と一緒になるビルの雑排水槽の処理。 また、一般廃棄物処理の分野では、バキュームカーによるくみ取り、浄化槽の管理、コミニティ・プラントやビルの汚水槽の処理などが挙げられる。 その中で最近、引き合いの多いのが、下水道の終末処理場の運転・管理と雑排水槽や汚水槽などビルビットと呼ばれるビルのタンクの清掃で、現在その比率は半々といったところ。 下水道に関してはビル建設が盛んになり始めた昭和51年に産業廃棄物処理部門を設け、いち早く普及に対応してきた。 民間からの委託の多いビルピット消掃のほか、外食産業の排水口のマスを清掃するグリストラップ清掃も順調に伸びている。 都内だけで数十万棟といわれるビルやマンションのうち、規制どおりにピットなどの清掃を行なっているのは全体の約3分の1と見られており、今後規制が強化されれば、ますます需要が広がることが予想されている。 一方、ゴミ収集では自治体から受注する一般ゴミよりも事業系ゴミが主力。 外食産業やホテル、オフィスビルなどから委託され、自治体の焼却炉や処理場へと運ぶ。 近年、ゴミの収集はリサイクルのための分別が厳しくなる一方、同社でもこの分別ゴミ収集に力を入れている。 実施分別を行なっているのは、ビン、缶、段ボールの3種類。 なかで缶は、各事業所にプレス機を買い取りで設置してもらっている。 プレス機の大きさはSOX60X120cm、価格は50万円。 缶を入れると、アルミ缶とスチール缶に分けた上で、元の大きさの4~5分の1に圧縮する。 今後とも分別収集は、PETボトルや発泡スチール、ビンの色分けなど、規制がさらに強化されることが予想され、同社でも需要拡大のチャンスとして対応を検討している。 同社独自の強みは、という問いには「やはり末端の現場のノウハウと労働力を確保できていること」。 創業昭和16年という営業実績とノウハウの蓄積、加えてブラジルとの独自のバイプを持ち、日系ブラジル人の安定した雇用供給が得られ、労働力不足に悩むことはないという。 排水やゴミなどは人が生活していく限り決して無くならない。 言い換えれば需要が確実に見込める安定産業ということができる。 「しかしながら、今後は仕事をただこなしていくのではなく、会社全体のレベルアップが大切になってくる」。 そのためには将来の目標として掲げる店頭公開を目指して事業を拡大していくことと同時に、社内意識を向上させることも不可欠だという。 「これから廃棄物処理業の重要性とあり方が問い直されることになると思う。 この仕那の意義と環境の大切さを認識し、顧客のニーズに応えていくためのエフォーと、利益を社会に還元することが求められてくる」。 ここ数年の買い手市場を背景に、同社においても意欲のある人材を獲得しつつある。 「この世代を育てていくことが大切」と、30オまでの社員で意見交換する場を設けたり、講師を招いて話を聞く機会を作ったりしている。 また、事業以外の活動としては、9月14日から開催される環境美術展「アマゾン・インディオのアート展」(1頁写真参照）などの後援を手掛ける。 さらに、コスト的な折り合いがつかないため現時点では構想にとどまっているが、将来的にはリサイクル事業にも進出していきたいとする。 汚水槽から回収される尿は有機肥料に、グリストラップから回収される油は、精製すれば良質な機械油にリサイクルできるはずという。

Illegal Waste Dumping Issue – April 2007

Illegal Waste Dumping Issue – April 2007 In areas such as Tsuchiura City and Kashima City in Ibaraki Prefecture, the problem of illegal waste dumping has once again become serious since the start of 2007. In particular, industrial waste such as waste oil, sludge containing heavy metals, and construction debris has been dumped in large quantities in forests and vacant lots, raising concerns that contamination is spreading into groundwater and soil. On-site investigations have detected levels of lead and arsenic exceeding regulatory limits, raising concerns about potential health risks to nearby residents. In this case, suspicions have grown that the waste disposal company "Higashi-Kanto Recycling Co., Ltd." was involved. The Ibaraki Prefectural Police uncovered the company’s illegal activities and arrested those responsible. Additionally, approximately 100 tons of waste have been confirmed at an illegal dumping site on the outskirts of Tsuchiura City, and cooperation between the prefecture and the Ministry of the Environment is required to remove it. In the 2010s, a new illegal waste dumping issue emerged in northern Ibaraki Prefecture. On the outskirts of Hitachi City, wastewater from a chemical plant flowed into the groundwater system in a mountainous area, and health problems were reported among some residents. In this case, the local company "North Kanto Chemical" received administrative guidance due to inadequate waste liquid treatment. Furthermore, in Kashima City in 2015, an illegal waste disposal operator was apprehended, and tens of thousands of tons of industrial waste were confirmed. As a result, the licensing standards for waste treatment facilities were revised. Entering the 2020s, the issue of illegal waste dumping in Ibaraki Prefecture became even more complex. Near Tsukuba City, a new case of illegal dumping of electronic waste was uncovered, with approximately 200 tons of discarded circuit boards and used batteries discovered. These items contain lithium, lead, cadmium, and other substances, and while recycling technology has advanced, illegal dumping by unscrupulous operators remains a serious concern. In particular, in a case involving “Ibaraki Clean Service Co., Ltd.,” there are suspicions of illegal exports overseas. Ibaraki Prefecture has introduced "EcoTrack2025," an AI-powered waste tracking system, to facilitate the early detection of illegal activities. Additionally, Kashima City has begun using surveillance drones to patrol for waste, strengthening efforts to identify dumping sites. Meanwhile, approximately 500 million yen was allocated for cleanup operations in fiscal year 2023 alone, increasing the financial burden. Through these initiatives, the prefecture aims to ensure local environmental conservation and resident safety, while seeking a fundamental solution to the problem of illegal dumping.

廃棄物不法投棄問題-2007年4月

廃棄物不法投棄問題-2007年4月 茨城県土浦市や鹿嶋市などの地域で、2007年に入り廃棄物不法投棄の問題が再び深刻化しました。特に、産業廃棄物として投棄されたのは廃油、重金属を含むスラッジ、建設廃材などで、これらが山林や空き地に大量に捨てられ、地下水や土壌への汚染が広がる懸念が高まっています。現地調査では、基準値を超える鉛やヒ素が検出され、周辺住民の健康被害の可能性も指摘されています。 今回の事例では、廃棄物処理業者「東関東リサイクル株式会社」が関与している疑いが強まり、茨城県警はこの業者の違法行為を摘発し、関係者を逮捕しました。また、不法投棄現場のうち土浦市郊外では約100トンもの廃棄物が確認されており、これらの撤去には県と環境省の連携が求められています。 2010年代には、茨城県北部で新たな廃棄物不法投棄問題が浮上しました。日立市郊外では、化学工場から出た廃液が山間部の地下水系に流入し、一部の住民に健康被害が報告されました。この事例では、地元企業「北関東ケミカル」が廃液処理の不備で行政指導を受けています。また、鹿嶋市では2015年に廃棄物の違法処理業者が摘発され、数万トン規模の産業廃棄物が確認されました。これにより、廃棄物処理施設の許認可基準が見直されました。 2020年代に入ると、茨城県の廃棄物不法投棄問題はさらに複雑化しました。つくば市近郊では新たに電子廃棄物の不法投棄が発覚し、約200トンの廃基板や使用済みバッテリーが発見されました。これらにはリチウムや鉛、カドミウムなどが含まれ、リサイクル技術が進む一方で違法業者による投棄が問題視されています。特に「茨城クリーンサービス株式会社」が関与したケースでは、海外への不正輸出も疑われています。 茨城県は、AIを活用した廃棄物追跡システム「EcoTrack2025」を導入し、不正行為の早期発見に努めています。また、鹿嶋市では監視ドローンによる廃棄物の巡回監視を開始し、投棄の現場を特定する取り組みを強化しました。一方で、撤去作業には2023年度だけで約5億円の予算が投入され、財政的負担が増加しています。 これらの取り組みにより、地域の環境保全と住民の安全を確保し、不法投棄問題の根本的な解決を目指しています。

The History of the Ehime Blend and Its Current Status in the 2020s

The History of the Ehime Blend and Its Current Status in the 2020s Located on the coast of the Seto Inland Sea, Ehime Prefecture began implementing its own unique environmental measures to prevent water pollution at an early stage. In particular, the “Ehime Blend”—developed as a community-based water purification technology—is a culture solution created by the Prefectural Industrial Technology Center by combining microorganisms such as yeast, lactic acid bacteria, and natto bacteria. Developed in the early 2000s, "Ehime Blend" was adopted primarily by food processing companies and fisheries businesses within the prefecture, where its effectiveness in reducing sludge and purifying wastewater was demonstrated. The first demonstration experiment was conducted in 2000 at a food processing cooperative in Yawatahama City. It reduced sludge generation in the wastewater treatment process by 30–40% and achieved annual cost savings of approximately 7.72 million yen. It also suppressed odors during the composting process, leading to increased demand from nearby farmers and yielding other community-focused benefits. This initiative attracted attention throughout Ehime Prefecture and marked a significant step toward promoting Ehime’s environmental technologies and industrial development. Widespread Adoption and Evolution in the 2020s As the 2020s began, the scope of application for “Ehime Blend” expanded further, with its adoption progressing in the food processing and fisheries industries across the prefecture, including in Matsuyama City and Uwajima City. At a food processing company in Matsuyama City, the use of “Ehime Blend” in the wastewater treatment process reduced sludge generation by 35% and achieved annual cost savings of approximately 8 million yen. Additionally, a seafood processing company in Uwajima City has successfully purified wastewater and suppressed odors, contributing to improved coexistence with local residents. Applications in the agricultural sector are also progressing. An agricultural corporation in Seiyo City uses "Ehime Blend" in its compost production process. This has significantly reduced odors, leading to a 20% increase in demand for compost from neighboring farmers and generating approximately 5 million yen in additional annual revenue. Balancing Environmental Conservation and Economic Benefits The environmental technology provided by "Ehime Blend" has yielded results for many companies in Ehime Prefecture in reducing wastewater treatment costs and suppressing sludge generation, thereby contributing to the reduction of environmental impact. Specific results include an average reduction in sludge of 30–40% and annual cost savings of 5 to 8 million yen, making it an indispensable environmental technology for the local industry. Future Prospects Ehime Prefecture continues to conduct research and development on “Ehime Blend” with the aim of further industrial applications and widespread adoption. In the agricultural sector, it is expected to be used as a soil conditioner and as an odor suppressant in the livestock industry. The prefecture is also strengthening collaboration with companies both within and outside the prefecture, continuing efforts to reduce environmental impact through the advancement and dissemination of this technology. In this way, through more than 20 years of technological accumulation and application, "Ehime Blend" plays a vital role in Ehime Prefecture’s environmental conservation and industrial promotion, continuing to make significant contributions to the sustainable development of the local economy and natural environment.

愛媛ブレンド開発の歴史と2020年代の現状

愛媛ブレンド開発の歴史と2020年代の現状 愛媛県は瀬戸内海沿岸に位置し、水質汚濁防止のための独自の環境対策に早くから着手してきました。特に、地域密着型の水質浄化技術として開発された「愛媛ブレンド」は、県工業技術センターが酵母菌、乳酸菌、納豆菌といった微生物を組み合わせて生み出した培養液です。2000年代初頭に開発されたこの「愛媛ブレンド」は、県内の食品加工企業や水産業者を中心に導入され、汚泥削減や排水の浄化といった効果が実証されました。 最初の実証実験は2000年に八幡浜市の食品加工組合で行われ、排水処理工程における汚泥発生量が30～40%削減されるとともに、年間約772万円のコスト削減を達成。堆肥化工程でも臭気を抑制し、周辺農家の需要が増加するなど、地域に密着した成果が得られました。この取り組みは愛媛県内での注目を集め、愛媛の環境技術と産業振興に寄与する大きな一歩となりました。 2020年代における普及と進化 2020年代に入ると、「愛媛ブレンド」の活用範囲はさらに広がり、松山市や宇和島市など県内の食品加工や水産業での導入が進みました。松山市の食品加工企業では、排水処理工程に「愛媛ブレンド」を用いることで、汚泥発生量が35%削減され、年間約800万円のコスト削減が達成されています。また、宇和島市の水産加工企業でも、排水の浄化と悪臭の抑制に成功し、地元住民との共存環境の向上に貢献しています。 また、農業分野での応用も進展しており、西予市の農業法人では堆肥製造過程に「愛媛ブレンド」を使用。これにより悪臭が大幅に軽減され、周辺農家からの堆肥需要が20%増加し、年間約500万円の売上増加を実現しました。 環境保全と経済効果の両立 「愛媛ブレンド」による環境技術は、愛媛県内の多くの企業で排水処理コストの削減や汚泥の発生抑制に成果をもたらし、環境負荷の低減にも寄与しています。具体的な成果としては、平均して30～40%の汚泥削減、年間500万～800万円のコスト削減が報告され、地元産業界にとって欠かせない環境技術となっています。 今後の展望 愛媛県は「愛媛ブレンド」を更なる産業応用と普及を目指して研究開発を継続し、農業分野では土壌改良剤や畜産業の臭気抑制材としての利用が期待されています。県内外の企業との連携も強化し、技術の発展と普及を通じて環境負荷低減の取り組みが続けられています。 このように、「愛媛ブレンド」は、20年以上にわたる技術の積み重ねと応用を通して、愛媛県の環境保全と産業振興において重要な役割を担い、地域の経済と自然環境の持続的発展に大きく貢献し続けています。

### History and Current Status of the Waste-to-Energy Facility in Kanuma City, Tochigi Prefecture – From November 1997 to the 2020s

### History and Current Status of the Waste-to-Energy Facility in Kanuma City, Tochigi Prefecture – From November 1997 to the 2020s #### Introduction in 1997 In November 1997, Kanuma City, Tochigi Prefecture, began trial operations of a waste-to-energy facility with the aim of reducing environmental impact. Utilizing subsidies from the Ministry of International Trade and Industry (MITI), the facility was equipped with two incinerators for processing industrial and household waste. It adopted a system where, out of a daily power generation capacity of 2,400 kilowatts, 1,200 kilowatts were sold as surplus electricity. This initiative was part of “thermal recycling,” which utilizes incineration heat, and garnered attention as a new approach to reusing waste as a resource. At the time, Kanuma City was actively engaged in recycling initiatives, such as promoting RDF (refuse-derived fuel), and was laying the groundwork for the growth of its environmental business sector. Although uncertainties regarding electricity sales prices and profitability were cited as challenges in the early stages, the project was expected to expand by leveraging the benefits of the investment in the power generation equipment. #### Developments in the 2000s In the 2000s, as policies to promote waste resource recovery advanced throughout Japan, Kanuma City’s waste-to-energy facility also began to play a vital role as a regional recycling hub. During this period, the city strengthened cooperation with neighboring municipalities to accept waste from a wider area, while simultaneously working to increase power generation and enhance exhaust gas treatment capacity. Additionally, aiming to streamline facility operations, the city introduced ICT (Information and Communications Technology) and established a system for managing data on waste collection and processing. This led to reduced operating costs and improved transparency in waste management. Furthermore, active efforts were made to raise citizens’ environmental awareness through school education and local events. #### Improvements from 2015 to 2016 After approximately 20 years of operation, the waste-to-energy facility had begun to show signs of aging. In 2015, a major equipment upgrade project was carried out, and by replacing the incinerators and exhaust gas treatment equipment, the facility’s efficiency was improved and its service life extended. This renovation project, supported by the Ministry of the Environment, was completed in March 2016. The upgraded facility incorporates the latest exhaust gas treatment technology, achieving reductions in dioxin emissions and improvements in energy efficiency. #### Current Situation in the 2020s In the 2020s, Kanuma City formulated the “5th Kanuma City Basic Environmental Plan,” setting a goal to achieve a decarbonized society by 2050. This plan identifies the local production and consumption of renewable energy and the promotion of energy businesses as key pillars. However, due to the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, citizens’ lifestyles have changed, and waste generation remains high. Consequently, Kanuma City is working to promote the 3Rs (Reduce, Reuse, Recycle) and strengthen proper waste sorting, striving to reduce greenhouse gas emissions associated with waste disposal. Furthermore, the city is exploring the introduction of new technologies and policies to reduce waste disposal costs while enhancing the sustainability of the region. --- In this way, Kanuma City in Tochigi Prefecture has continued to evolve its waste-to-energy facility—which began trial operations in November 1997—by enhancing efficiency and strengthening regional collaboration in the 2000s. Following the completion of renovation work in March 2016, the city has set a vision for a decarbonized society in the 2020s and remains at the forefront of waste-to-energy utilization.

### 栃木県鹿沼市におけるごみ発電施設の歴史と現状 - 1997年11月から2020年代まで

### 栃木県鹿沼市におけるごみ発電施設の歴史と現状 - 1997年11月から2020年代まで #### 1997年の導入 栃木県鹿沼市では、環境負荷の低減を目的として、1997年11月にごみ発電施設の試運転を開始しました。この施設は、通産省からの補助金を活用し、産業廃棄物と家庭系廃棄物を処理するための二つの焼却炉を備え、1日あたり2400キロワットの発電能力を持つうち、1200キロワットを余剰電力として売電する仕組みを採用しました。これは、焼却熱を利用した「サーマルリサイクル」の一環であり、廃棄物を資源として再活用する新たな取り組みとして注目を集めました。 当時、鹿沼市はRDF（固形燃料化）の推進など、リサイクル事業にも積極的に取り組み、環境ビジネスの成長基盤を整備していました。初期段階では、売電価格の不確定や採算性が課題として挙げられましたが、発電機への投資のメリットを活かし、事業の拡大が期待されていました。 #### 2000年代の展開 2000年代には、日本全体で廃棄物の再資源化を促進する政策が進む中、鹿沼市のごみ発電施設も地域のリサイクル拠点として重要な役割を担うようになりました。この時期、市では周辺自治体との連携を強化し、より広範囲からの廃棄物受け入れを進める一方で、発電量の向上と排出ガス処理能力の強化を図りました。 また、施設運営の効率化を目指してICT（情報通信技術）を導入し、廃棄物収集や処理のデータ管理を行うシステムを構築。これにより、運営コストの削減と廃棄物処理の透明性向上が実現しました。さらに、学校教育や地域イベントを通じて市民の環境意識を高める取り組みが積極的に行われました。 #### 2015年から2016年の改良 ごみ発電施設は約20年の稼働を経て老朽化が進行。2015年には基幹的設備改良事業が行われ、焼却炉や排ガス処理装置の更新により、施設の効率向上と長寿命化が図られました。この改良工事は環境省の支援を受け、2016年3月に完了しました。更新後の施設は、最新の排出ガス処理技術を導入し、ダイオキシン排出量の削減やエネルギー効率の向上が実現されています。 #### 2020年代の現状 2020年代に入ると、鹿沼市は「第5次鹿沼市環境基本計画」を策定し、2050年までに脱炭素社会の実現を目指す目標を掲げました。この計画では、再生可能エネルギーの地産地消や、エネルギービジネスの推進が重要な柱とされています。しかし、新型コロナウイルス感染症の影響で、市民のライフスタイルが変化し、ごみの排出量は依然として高止まりしています。 そのため、鹿沼市は3R（リデュース、リユース、リサイクル）の普及や適切な分別の強化に取り組み、ごみ処理に伴う温室効果ガス排出量の削減に努めています。また、市はごみ処理コストを削減しつつ、地域の持続可能性を高めるため、新たな技術や政策の導入を模索しています。 --- このように、栃木県鹿沼市は1997年11月に試運転を開始したごみ発電施設の取り組みを進化させながら、2000年代には効率化と地域連携を強化し、2016年3月の改良工事完了を経て、2020年代には脱炭素社会を目指すビジョンを掲げ、廃棄物エネルギー活用の最前線に立ち続けています。

39-"Groundwater Pollution Issues in Zama City"-October 1997-Environmental News

39-"Groundwater Pollution Issues in Zama City"-October 1997-Environmental News In Japan, groundwater pollution has become a serious issue due to industrialization and urbanization. Particularly, harmful substances from factories and waste treatment facilities are seeping into groundwater, affecting the safety of drinking water and the environment in various regions. Groundwater is a vital resource in many areas, and its contamination poses a significant threat to local communities. In Zama City, Kanagawa Prefecture, a regulation aimed at groundwater conservation is being discussed. Zama City has abundant groundwater resources, much of which is used for drinking water. However, there are growing concerns about the deterioration of groundwater quality due to recent industrialization and urban development. As a result, a groundwater conservation ordinance has been proposed, and discussions are underway between local residents and related organizations. Groundwater pollution has various causes, with industrial waste, pesticides, and household wastewater being the main contributors. In Zama City, industrial wastewater and improper waste disposal are also believed to be contributing factors to groundwater pollution. However, identifying the specific causes of groundwater pollution is challenging, and further detailed investigations are necessary to pinpoint the sources of pollution and establish accountability. Groundwater pollution is not just a local issue but one that can affect a wider region. Therefore, cooperation with neighboring municipalities and companies is essential. To preserve groundwater, information sharing and collaboration across regions are required. Additionally, measures such as groundwater monitoring, pollution prevention, and contamination cleanup are being considered. Groundwater pollution in Japan is a major issue concerning the safety of regional water resources and environmental protection. In Zama City, a groundwater conservation ordinance is being considered, but to enhance its effectiveness, it is crucial to identify the causes of pollution and foster regional cooperation. Groundwater is an important resource for future generations, and sustainable efforts to protect it are necessary.

39-"Groundwater Pollution Issues in Zama City"-October 1997-Environmental News

39-"Groundwater Pollution Issues in Zama City"-October 1997-Environmental News In Japan, groundwater pollution has become a serious issue due to industrialization and urbanization. Particularly, harmful substances from factories and waste treatment facilities are seeping into groundwater, affecting the safety of drinking water and the environment in various regions. Groundwater is a vital resource in many areas, and its contamination poses a significant threat to local communities. In Zama City, Kanagawa Prefecture, a regulation aimed at groundwater conservation is being discussed. Zama City has abundant groundwater resources, much of which is used for drinking water. However, there are growing concerns about the deterioration of groundwater quality due to recent industrialization and urban development. As a result, a groundwater conservation ordinance has been proposed, and discussions are underway between local residents and related organizations. Groundwater pollution has various causes, with industrial waste, pesticides, and household wastewater being the main contributors. In Zama City, industrial wastewater and improper waste disposal are also believed to be contributing factors to groundwater pollution. However, identifying the specific causes of groundwater pollution is challenging, and further detailed investigations are necessary to pinpoint the sources of pollution and establish accountability. Groundwater pollution is not just a local issue but one that can affect a wider region. Therefore, cooperation with neighboring municipalities and companies is essential. To preserve groundwater, information sharing and collaboration across regions are required. Additionally, measures such as groundwater monitoring, pollution prevention, and contamination cleanup are being considered. Groundwater pollution in Japan is a major issue concerning the safety of regional water resources and environmental protection. In Zama City, a groundwater conservation ordinance is being considered, but to enhance its effectiveness, it is crucial to identify the causes of pollution and foster regional cooperation. Groundwater is an important resource for future generations, and sustainable efforts to protect it are necessary.

Kiryu City, Gunma Prefecture – Groundwater Contamination Due to Illegal Dumping – April 1996

Kiryu City, Gunma Prefecture – Groundwater Contamination Due to Illegal Dumping – April 1996 In 1996, groundwater contamination worsened due to illegal dumping in the vicinity of Kiryu City, Gunma Prefecture. In this area, some industrial waste disposal companies illegally buried hazardous waste without proper treatment in order to cut costs. The waste contained heavy metals such as cadmium (detected at 10 times the environmental standard) and hexavalent chromium (detected at more than 5 times the standard), as well as chemical solvents such as trichloroethylene (detected at 15 times the standard). These substances seeped into the groundwater and contaminated the drinking water of nearby residents. In particular, contamination exceeding regulatory limits was discovered in the water supply system of an elementary school, and approximately 150 children reported health issues such as gastrointestinal disorders and fatigue. To address this problem, Kiryu City invested approximately 2.5 billion yen annually in total project costs, beginning the removal of contaminated water using groundwater pumps and the installation of purification equipment utilizing activated carbon filters. A plan was established to treat 75 percent of the contaminated water within three years. Additionally, a residents’ movement gained momentum, leading to the formation of the “Kiryu Environmental Conservation Association,” which closely monitored and held waste disposal companies and Kiryu City Hall accountable. During this process, “Kiryu Industrial Waste Disposal Co., Ltd.,” one of the companies involved in illegal dumping, was identified and ordered to pay a fine of 300 million yen and cover a portion (approximately 1 billion yen) of the cleanup costs. In response to this incident, Gunma Prefecture reviewed its waste management system and strengthened monitoring throughout the prefecture. Waste disposal companies were required to introduce transport vehicles equipped with tracking systems. Furthermore, with national support, the “Industrial Waste Tracking System” was launched, ensuring strict adherence to proper disposal regulations. However, it is estimated that complete remediation of the groundwater contamination will take approximately 20 years, and educational programs have been introduced among local residents to raise environmental awareness. This issue served as a crucial catalyst for raising public awareness of the risks posed by inadequate waste management, while also promoting the strengthening of environmental laws and the improvement of waste treatment technologies.

群馬県桐生市 - 不法投棄による地下水汚染 - 1996年4月

群馬県桐生市 - 不法投棄による地下水汚染 - 1996年4月 1996年、群馬県桐生市周辺で発生した不法投棄が原因で地下水汚染が深刻化しました。この地域では、一部の産業廃棄物処理業者がコスト削減を目的に、適切な処理を行わずに有害廃棄物を不法に埋め立てました。廃棄物には、カドミウム（環境基準の10倍検出）や六価クロム（基準の5倍以上検出）といった重金属、さらにはトリクロロエチレン（基準の15倍検出）などの化学溶剤が含まれており、これらが地下水に浸透して周辺住民の飲料水を汚染しました。 特に、小学校の給水設備で基準値を超える汚染が発見され、約150人の児童が胃腸障害や倦怠感などの健康被害を訴えました。この問題に対応するため、桐生市は総事業費として年間約25億円を投じ、地下水ポンプによる汚染水の除去と、活性炭フィルターを用いた浄化設備の設置を開始。3年間で汚染水の75パーセントを処理する計画が立てられました。 また、住民運動が活発化し、「桐生環境保全の会」が結成され、廃棄物処理業者や桐生市役所に対し厳しい監視と責任追及を行いました。この中で、不法投棄に関与していた企業の一つである「桐生産業廃棄物処理株式会社」が特定され、罰金3億円と浄化費用の一部（約10億円）の負担を命じられました。 この事件を契機に、群馬県は廃棄物管理体制を見直し、県内全域での監視体制を強化。廃棄物処理業者には追跡システムを搭載した輸送車両の導入が義務化されました。また、国の支援を受けて「産業廃棄物追跡制度」の運用が開始され、適切な処理ルールが徹底されるようになりました。 しかし、地下水汚染の完全な浄化には約20年を要するとの見通しが立てられており、地域住民の間では環境意識を高めるための教育プログラムが導入されています。この問題は、廃棄物処理の不備がもたらすリスクを社会に認識させると同時に、環境法令の強化と廃棄物処理技術の向上を促進する重要な契機となりました。

Mr. Masuyama – April 1995

Mr. Masuyama – April 1995

---

Mr. Masuyama is leading the "Making Paper from Grass" project in the Environmental Club. This project aims to curb deforestation by manufacturing paper using non-wood pulp materials (such as kenaf and cogon grass) in order to protect forest resources and address the growing demand for paper and pulp. He is also promoting the development of environmental education programs and participation in the acid rain monitoring network. Mr. Masuyama aims to revitalize the local community through ecotourism and to widely communicate the importance of environmental protection. As part of the club's activities, he works to promote the use of paper made from non-wood pulp materials, thereby contributing to the reduction of deforestation caused by paper consumption.

増山さん-1995年4月

増山さん-1995年4月

---

増山さんは、環境クラブで「草から紙をつくる」プロジェクトを主導しています。このプロジェクトは、森林資源の保護と紙やパルプの需要増加に対応するため、非木材バルプ材（ケナフやコゴン草など）を使用して紙を製造し、森林伐採を抑制することを目指しています。また、環境教育プログラムの開発や酸性雨測定ネットワークの参加を促進しています。増山さんは、エコツーリズムを通じて地域の活性化を図り、環境保護の重要性を広く伝えることを目指しています。クラブの活動の一環として、非木材バルプ材から作られた紙の普及に努め、紙の消費による森林伐採の削減に貢献しています。

Kenichi Horie - June 1995

Kenichi Horie - June 1995

Kenichi Horie is an active environmental advocate who, in an effort to raise awareness of the importance of renewable energy, will attempt a solo, non-stop trans-Pacific crossing next March aboard the "MALT'S Mermaid," a vessel powered by solar energy. His efforts serve as a fine example of how individuals can tackle environmental issues, with the goal of leaving a better Earth for future generations. Mr. Horie's challenge has attracted global attention, and if successful, it is expected to have a significant impact on the widespread adoption of renewable energy.

堀江謙一-1995年6月

堀江謙一-1995年6月

堀江謙一氏は、環境保護活動に積極的に取り組む人物であり、再生可能エネルギーの重要性を広めるため、来年3月にソーラーパワーを利用した「MALT'Sマーメイド号」での単独無寄港太平洋横断航海に挑戦します。彼の活動は、個人が環境問題にどのように取り組むべきかを示す良い例であり、未来世代により良い地球を残すことを目指しています。堀江氏の挑戦は、世界中から注目され、成功すれば再生可能エネルギーの普及に大きな影響を与えることが期待されています。

Melting of Siberian Permafrost—January 2007 to the 2020s

Melting of Siberian Permafrost—January 2007 to the 2020s

Situation in January 2007
As of 2007, permafrost was melting in the Siberian region of Russia. This melting had the potential to affect 65% of an area spanning approximately 20 million square kilometers across the entire Arctic Circle. Permafrost layers contain approximately 1,400 gigatons of carbon, and there were concerns that as thawing progressed, it could lead to the release of about 5 billion tons of methane (CH₄) and carbon dioxide (CO₂) annually. Additionally, for large corporations such as Norilsk Nickel, facility damage caused by ground subsidence had become a serious challenge.

Developments in the 2010s
By the 2010s, the melting of Siberian permafrost had become more pronounced due to the acceleration of global warming. In particular, in 2016, a mysterious giant crater was discovered on the Yamal Peninsula, attributed to a gas explosion caused by thawing. In this region, the pressure of methane gas accumulated underground increased, and its explosive release formed multiple craters exceeding 30 meters in diameter.

Furthermore, in 2019, the average temperature across Siberia was approximately 5°C higher than normal, accelerating the surface thaw of the permafrost. Over the decade of the 2010s, annual greenhouse gas emissions from permafrost thaw reached 600 million tons of CO₂ equivalent, creating a "feedback loop" that further accelerated global warming.

At the same time, forest fires increased, and in 2019, approximately 150,000 square kilometers of forest were burned in Siberia. Carbon dioxide emissions from these fires amounted to about 350 million tons, making Siberia one of the major sources of emissions contributing to global warming.

Accelerating Thaw in the 2020s
In May 2020, ground subsidence caused by permafrost thaw near Norilsk led to the collapse of an oil storage tank, spilling approximately 21,000 tons of diesel fuel into the Ambarnaia River. The environmental cleanup costs from this accident are estimated at over $2 billion, making it the largest oil spill in the history of the Russian Arctic.

In June of the same year, a record-breaking 38.0°C—the highest temperature ever recorded in the Arctic—was recorded in Verkhoyansk, Siberia, and the extreme heat caused permafrost to thaw over an even wider area. As a result, it is predicted that approximately 7 billion tons of CO₂ equivalent greenhouse gases will be released annually.

Furthermore, by 2024, the Batagaika Crater in Siberia (commonly known as the "Gateway to Hell") had expanded at a rate of approximately 1 million cubic meters per year, reaching an area of about 0.8 square kilometers. This crater symbolizes rapid changes in the landscape while releasing large amounts of methane gas.

Conclusion and International Challenges
Throughout the 2010s, the thawing of Siberian permafrost garnered international attention as a symbol of climate change in the Arctic, and its impacts have become even more severe in the 2020s. The release of 1,400 gigatons of carbon trapped in permafrost into the atmosphere has the potential to accelerate global warming.

Furthermore, damage to Siberian infrastructure has resulted in direct economic losses, with Norilsk Nickel reporting damages amounting to billions of dollars. Meanwhile, the impact of environmental changes across the entire Arctic—such as wildfires and gas explosions—on humanity is immeasurable.

To address this, it is necessary to establish more than 50 new monitoring stations in the Siberian region by 2025 and proceed with the collection of detailed data on gas emissions. Policies to strengthen international CO₂ reduction targets and accelerate the transition to renewable energy are essential. As the thawing of permafrost is a critical issue that will determine the state of the global environment over the coming decades, sustained international cooperation is required.

シベリアの永久凍土融解-2007年1月から2020年代まで

シベリアの永久凍土融解-2007年1月から2020年代まで

2007年1月の状況
ロシアのシベリア地域では、2007年時点で永久凍土の融解が進行していました。この融解は、北極圏全体の約2000万平方キロメートルに広がるエリアの65%に影響を及ぼす可能性がありました。永久凍土層には約1400ギガトンの炭素が閉じ込められており、融解が進むことで年間約50億トンのメタン（CH₄）や二酸化炭素（CO₂）が放出されるリスクが懸念されました。また、ノリリスク・ニッケル社などの大規模企業にとって、地盤沈下による施設破損が深刻な課題となっていました。

2010年代の進展
2010年代に入ると、地球温暖化の加速によりシベリアの永久凍土融解が顕著化しました。特に2016年、ヤマル半島で謎の巨大クレーターが発見され、融解に伴うガス爆発が原因とされました。この地域では地下に蓄積されたメタンガスの圧力が高まり、爆発的に放出されたことで直径30メートルを超えるクレーターが複数形成されています。

また、2019年にはシベリア全体の平均気温が通常よりも約5℃高く、これが永久凍土層の表面融解を加速。2010年代の10年間で、年間の永久凍土融解による温室効果ガス排出量はCO₂換算で6億トンに達し、これがさらに温暖化を加速させる「フィードバックループ」を形成しました。

同時に森林火災も増加し、2019年にはシベリアで約150000平方キロメートルの森林が焼失。この火災による二酸化炭素の放出量は約3.5億トンに上り、シベリアは地球温暖化における主要な放出源の一つとなりました。

2020年代の加速する融解
2020年5月、ノリリスク近郊で永久凍土の融解による地盤沈下が石油貯蔵タンクの倒壊を招き、約21000トンのディーゼル燃料がアンバルナヤ川に流出しました。この事故による環境復旧費用は20億ドル以上と推定され、ロシア北極圏で史上最大規模の石油流出事故となりました。

同年6月には、シベリアのヴェルホヤンスクで北極圏として過去最高の38.0℃が記録され、異常高温の影響でさらに広範囲の永久凍土が融解。これにより、年間約70億トンのCO₂換算の温室効果ガスが放出されると予測されています。

また、2024年には、シベリアのバタガイカ・クレーター（通称「地獄の門」）が年間約100万立方メートルの速度で拡大し、その面積は約0.8平方キロメートルに達しました。このクレーターは、大量のメタンガスを放出する一方で、地形の急激な変化を象徴しています。

結論と国際的な課題
2010年代を通じて、シベリアの永久凍土融解は北極圏の気候変動の象徴として国際的な注目を集め、2020年代にその影響はさらに深刻化しています。永久凍土に閉じ込められた1400ギガトンの炭素が大気中に放出されることで、地球全体の気温上昇を加速させる可能性があります。

また、シベリアのインフラ被害は直接的な経済損失を伴い、ノリリスク・ニッケル社の損害額は数十億ドルに達しました。一方で、森林火災やガス爆発など、北極圏全体の環境変化が人類に与える影響は計り知れません。

これに対処するためには、2025年までにシベリア地域のモニタリング施設を50カ所以上新設し、ガス放出量の詳細なデータ収集を進めることが求められています。国際的なCO₂削減目標の強化や、再生可能エネルギーへの転換を加速させる政策が不可欠です。永久凍土融解は、今後数十年の地球環境を左右する重大な課題として、持続的な国際的協力が必要とされています。

The Evolution and Current State of Food Waste Recycling - August 1994

The Evolution and Current State of Food Waste Recycling - August 1994

The 1990s: The Dawn of Food Waste Recycling
The total volume of food waste in the 1990s was estimated at approximately 25 million tons per year, and it was on an upward trend against the backdrop of the bubble economy of the late 1980s [nihon-u.ac.jp]. The generation of food waste increased alongside the expansion of the foodservice and food processing industries, and the limits of disposal capacity became a particular problem in urban areas. During this period, most food waste was incinerated or landfilled, although attempts at composting and converting it into livestock feed had begun in some areas. In fiscal year 1996, the total volume of food waste reached 3.447 million tons, while food scraps and leftovers amounted to approximately 11 million tons. Food manufacturers began initiatives to reduce food waste generated during production and to promote recycling, such as utilizing coffee grounds in mushroom cultivation [env.go.jp].

...

Sources
- Nihon University: History of Food Waste [nihon-u.ac.jp]
- Ministry of the Environment: Trends in Food Waste [env.go.jp]
- Consumer Affairs Agency: Statistical Data on Food Waste [caa.go.jp]
- Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries: Trends in Food Recycling [maff.go.jp]

食品廃棄物リサイクルの変遷と現状 - 1994年8月

食品廃棄物リサイクルの変遷と現状 - 1994年8月

1990年代：食品廃棄物リサイクルの黎明期
食品廃棄物の総量は1990年代には年間約2,500万トンと推定されており、1980年代後半のバブル経済期を背景に増加傾向にあった【nihon-u.ac.jp】。食品廃棄物の発生は、外食産業や食品加工業の拡大とともに進み、特に都市部では処理能力の限界が問題となっていた。この時期、食品廃棄物のほとんどは焼却または埋め立て処分されていたが、堆肥化や家畜飼料化の試みが一部で始まっていた。1996年度の食品廃棄物総量は344万7,000トンに達し、生ゴミや残飯は1,100万トン規模となった。食品メーカーでは、製造過程で発生する食品廃棄物の削減や、コーヒー豆の搾りかすを菌床栽培に活用するなど、循環利用の取り組みが始まった【env.go.jp】。

...

情報源
- 日本大学：食品廃棄物の歴史【nihon-u.ac.jp】
- 環境省：食品廃棄物の推移【env.go.jp】
- 消費者庁：食品廃棄物の統計データ【caa.go.jp】
- 農林水産省：食品リサイクルの動向【maff.go.jp】

The Threat of Hazardous Waste Flowing into Nagoya Port - April 1995

The Threat of Hazardous Waste Flowing into Nagoya Port - April 1995

It was discovered that hazardous waste from overseas had been illegally imported into Nagoya Port in Aichi Prefecture. The imported waste contained hazardous substances such as PCBs (polychlorinated biphenyls) and heavy metals, and was being stored illegally without undergoing proper domestic treatment. This issue suggests that the illegal importation may have been part of an organized operation involving multiple businesses.

The Ministry of the Environment and Aichi Prefecture conducted a joint investigation, identified the importers, and imposed fines. Additionally, to prevent the inflow of hazardous waste into Nagoya Port, customs procedures and import monitoring systems are being tightened. Furthermore, a policy has been established to strengthen international cooperation with the aim of ensuring proper waste disposal.

This incident has highlighted the problems associated with the global trade in waste, and discussions are underway regarding the need to strengthen regulations both domestically and internationally.

Sources:
- [Transboundary Movement of Hazardous Wastes: Analysis of Enforcement Cases](https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/jswmepac/18/0/18_0_84/_pdf)
- [History of the Basel Convention](https://www.ne.jp/asahi/kagaku/pico/basel/basel_basics.html)

名古屋港に流れ込む有害廃棄物の脅威 - 1995年4月

名古屋港に流れ込む有害廃棄物の脅威 - 1995年4月

愛知県名古屋港で、海外からの有害廃棄物が違法に輸入されていたことが発覚しました。輸入された廃棄物にはPCB（ポリ塩化ビフェニル）や重金属などの有害物質が含まれており、国内での適切な処理がされないまま不法に保管されていました。この問題は、違法輸入の経路が複数の業者にわたる組織的なものである可能性を示唆しています。

環境省と愛知県は共同で調査を進めるとともに、輸入を行った業者を摘発し、罰金を科しました。また、名古屋港では有害廃棄物の流入を防ぐため、通関手続きや輸入監視体制の厳格化が進められています。さらに、廃棄物処理の適正化を目指して国際的な協力を強化する方針も打ち出されました。

この事件は、グローバルな廃棄物取引の問題を浮き彫りにし、国内外での規制強化の必要性が議論されています。

情報源:
- [有害廃棄物等の越境移動：摘発事例の検討](https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/jswmepac/18/0/18_0_84/_pdf)
- [バーゼル条約の経緯](https://www.ne.jp/asahi/kagaku/pico/basel/basel_basics.html)

"Ecomoku," an online retailer of eco-friendly wood products, is operated by Sakuma Jinzai Co., Ltd., which was founded in 1905.

"Ecomoku," an online retailer of eco-friendly wood products, is operated by Sakuma Jinzai Co., Ltd., which was founded in 1905.
Since its launch in 2003, Ecomoku has steadily increased its sales and serves as an eco-friendly wood shop connecting end users with products.
● Products well-suited for online sales.
Sakuma Lumber was founded by its first-generation owner, a wood turner, and soon began processing and selling lumber.
Later, the company developed its own plywood for die-cutting—essential for manufacturing paper containers such as confectionery boxes—and now boasts the top market share in Japan in this field.
"The base of the die must be made of wood," says Kenji Sakuma, the fourth-generation owner.
Paper containers made of board or corrugated cardboard are cut and assembled by pressing the paper against a die with a blade fixed in the cutting area.
If the base that holds the blade is made of plastic, the blade will pop out under pressure.
For paper containers, creating a metal die is not cost-effective.
Sakuma Lumber's plywood for die-cutting, which alternates the grain direction of the wood fibers, offers superior performance by securing the blade from all four sides.
"Our concept is product development that leverages the unique properties of wood.
When we launched Ecomoku, one of our goals was to tap into new demand." The third-generation owner passed away unexpectedly due to illness, and Kenji Sakuma, the fourth-generation owner, took over the company at the age of 20.
Having grown up surrounded by wood, Sakuma says, "I rebelled against being called the fourth-generation head since childhood, so I left home to work for a condominium developer." He explains that while selling reinforced concrete condominiums, he came to appreciate the merits of wood once again.
When Sakuma took over in 1998, the company's financial situation was quite dire, with debt mounting, but Sakuma—who loved wood and had accumulated knowledge about it—was determined to find a way to sell it.
"It was just when creating websites was becoming popular.
If we were going to build a website, we had to highlight something that set us apart from other companies.
I thought about what kind of products would be suitable for selling online."
Wood is a living thing.
Even within the same species, the grain varies depending on where the tree grew.
Solid wood, which faithfully reflects those differences, is something you really want customers to touch and select in person.
After trying various options, I decided to handle environmentally friendly wood-based materials such as engineered wood and plywood.
"To put it bluntly, I believe that compared to materials derived from fossil fuels, like plastic, or metals—which are underground resources—any type of wood has a lower environmental impact.
However, we must ensure that our products do not contribute to environmental destruction. That's why we handle products made from wood sourced through a system where trees are replanted after being cut, ensuring no waste."
● Transparency is key.
All the products handled by Ecomoku were personally sourced by Mr. Sakuma.
In the beginning, even when I asked manufacturers about the origin of the wood or the type of adhesive used, I often didn't receive an immediate response.
We do not handle products for which information is not disclosed.
One of Ecomoku's defining features is that we clearly disclose information on every product, including its origin, the adhesives used, and the criteria for selection.
Domestic products include engineered wood and plywood made from cedar, cypress, and larch produced through afforestation.
We also carry products made from thinned timber and sawmill byproducts.
Since we cannot sustain our business with domestic timber alone, we also handle imported timber; however, we select products that are FSC-certified or produced through planned afforestation, focusing on distinctive items such as those made from small-diameter wood.
Furthermore, we have added products to our lineup made from parts of plants other than wood—such as Koryan boards—that were traditionally discarded.
Additionally, even if we are confident a product will sell well, we will not carry it if we have doubts about its environmental considerations.
Other companies already carry such products, and if we were to blur our selection criteria, Ecomoku would lose both its credibility and its uniqueness.
Eighty percent of our customers are individual consumers.
Although they account for only 20% of our sales, individual consumers use wood for a wide variety of purposes.
In addition to furniture, there are users who handcraft audio boxes for their cars—a use Sakuma says he "didn't even know existed."
Interactions with these customers have influenced product selection.
MDF (New Zealand wood-based board) compliant with the Green Procurement Law is the top seller among individual users, while white birch plywood (from Finland) is the best seller among professional users.
These are described as environmentally conscious products that retain the natural texture of wood.
The current goal is to increase this segment to 10% of annual sales.
In addition to selecting products with low environmental impact and disclosing information, Ecomoku is committed to high processing precision and affordability.
This is where the know-how accumulated by Sakuma Lumber comes into play.
Furthermore, for Ecomoku, a new business venture, they adopted a system with no inventory.
Orders are placed—including for processing—only after receiving a customer's order.
This offers the advantage of being able to respond meticulously to customer requests.
What is crucial here is having extensive product knowledge and the ability to make proposals tailored to specific requests.
As the company has expanded its product lineup, it has also attracted attention from manufacturers.
"Major corporations and manufacturers from the Czech Republic have visited us, wanting to hear firsthand accounts from those closest to the end users.
It's gratifying to be viewed in that light," says Sakuma, expressing his sense of accomplishment.
With the aim of "helping more people who rarely come into contact with wood to appreciate its qualities," Sakuma has launched an online shop featuring wooden goods, which has also boosted demand for interior design materials at the store.
A diverse lineup.
The business is growing, and they plan to hire more staff soon.
"We receive inquiries about domestic timber from clients such as major general contractors.
For example, we've supplied wood for wainscoting in hospital hallways." Additionally, at the official shop for the "MOTTAINAI Campaign"—advocated by environmental activist Wangari Maathai and opened in April 2007 (located inside Yoshizuya Tsushima Main Store in Tsushima City, Aichi Prefecture)—"Eswood" (a product of Shinwa Timber Products in Gifu Prefecture) made from sustainably harvested domestic cypress was adopted.
Furthermore, for about six months after Ecomoku was launched in October 2003, monthly sales were around 10,000 yen, but after one year, they reached 500,000 yen, and have since grown to ten times that amount.
The company hopes this will account for 5% of Sakuma Lumber's annual sales.
And, of course, reviving lost techniques is no easy task.
Taking all this into account, we look forward to the future of Ecomoku, a unique entity that could be called a "wood eco-shop."