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The Duality of the Mind: The Fluctuations of Judgment Played by System 1 and System 2 Human thought proceeds at two distinct rhythms. One is System 1, intuitive and fast-acting; the other is System 2, deliberate and slow-moving. System 1 instantly synthesizes surrounding information and makes judgments based on past experiences and associations. This stems from our evolutionary background, where rapid reactions were essential for survival, and most daily life is supported by this automatic processing. However, due to its speed, System 1 tends to rush to conclusions, arbitrarily linking recent events into causal relationships. Its susceptibility to the anchoring effect also stems from taking the proximity of numbers or information as meaning itself.
System 2, on the other hand, questions intuition, considers alternative possibilities in parallel, and has the power to pause and reassess a situation when necessary. Intentionally taking time to think during negotiations or revising judgments influenced by numbers are signs of System 2 at work. System 2 consumes significant energy and is difficult to keep running constantly, but it becomes indispensable in critical decisions and high-stakes situations.
These two systems are not adversaries but complement each other, shaping the entirety of our thinking. While System 1 possesses the power to quickly understand the world, System 2 gently restrains its momentum, providing opportunities to correct errors and reconsider. Blindly trusting System 1 increases misjudgments, while overworking System 2 leads to fatigue and stagnant decision-making. This dynamic balance is precisely what makes our thinking rich and flexible.
Among related online resources, Daniel Kahneman's Thinking, Fast and Slow is the most widely cited and serves as a foundational text for understanding human decision-making. Furthermore, behavioral economics research has extensively verified the leaps of System 1 and the corrections of System 2 in medical judgments, judicial decisions, and investment behavior, profoundly influencing decision-making across modern society as a whole.