Globalization in the early 2000s created a geographic divide between production and consumption. While consumption areas enjoyed convenience and benefits, production areas were burdened with environmental burdens such as waste and pollution. Tighter environmental regulations encouraged the offshore transfer of processes, and ecological destruction was dispersed across borders. The asymmetry of unequal distribution of the benefits and burdens of growth emerged as a structure that prolonged the destruction of ecosystems.

Globalization in the early 2000s created a geographic divide between production and consumption. While consumption areas enjoyed convenience and benefits, production areas were burdened with environmental burdens such as waste and pollution. Tighter environmental regulations encouraged the offshore transfer of processes, and ecological destruction was dispersed across borders. The asymmetry of unequal distribution of the benefits and burdens of growth emerged as a structure that prolonged the destruction of ecosystems.