History and Current Status of Waste Management in Japan

History and Current Status of Waste Management in Japan

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### Waste Management Challenges and Measures in the 2000s
In the early 2000s, Japan faced significant challenges in waste management due to a shortage of waste disposal facilities. In particular, the average remaining capacity of facilities in Tokyo and Osaka was reported to be 1.6 years, raising concerns about an increase in illegal dumping. In response, the "New Waste Management Law" was introduced in 2001, mandating local governments to systematically establish waste management facilities. Cities like Kawasaki and Kitakyushu introduced waste-to-energy plants to enhance waste recovery through energy generation.

Corporate initiatives also emerged, with Kawasaki Heavy Industries and Sekisui Chemical Co. collaborating to develop plastic recycling technologies. Additionally, Seven-Eleven Japan expanded its use of recycled materials in stores, aiming to promote sustainable practices. The introduction of the "Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR)" policy was also discussed to encourage manufacturers to recover and reuse product waste.

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### Current Challenges and Progress in the 2020s
By the 2020s, the situation in Japan's waste disposal facilities had improved. As of 2022, the average remaining capacity of facilities nationwide was 22.4 years, providing more breathing room compared to the early 2000s. However, urban areas continue to face challenges, requiring more efficient waste management strategies.

In Osaka Prefecture, 2.89 million tons of waste were generated in 2022, with household waste accounting for 1.72 million tons and business waste 1.17 million tons. However, the recycling rate remained at 13.0%, below the national average of 19.6%. In 2020, 8.22 million tons of plastic waste were generated nationwide, with 62% being processed through thermal recycling, although 14% was still incinerated or landfilled without utilization.

In Osaka City, 41,000 tons of food loss occur annually. The city promotes initiatives like the "Three Cut Food Waste Campaign" and the "30-10 Campaign" to reduce food waste. Through citizen and business cooperation, efforts to strengthen waste separation and promote resource circulation are underway.

Corporate efforts remain vital, with Kawasaki Heavy Industries and Sekisui Chemical advancing plastic recycling technologies. Seven-Eleven Japan continues to promote the use of recycled materials in its stores. These collaborations among companies, local governments, and residents are accelerating efforts toward building a circular society and reducing waste.

These measures build upon the challenges of the 2000s, evolving toward higher recycling technologies and stronger community cooperation. Moving forward, it is essential for the government, local governments, and businesses to collaborate to improve waste management efficiency and promote the effective use of resources.