**Green GDP Estimates**
In 2004, economic losses due to environmental pollution in China were estimated at 511.8 billion yuan, with water pollution accounting for 55.9% and air pollution for 42.9%. While green GDP estimates should also consider ecological destruction and resource depletion, data limitations only allowed partial calculation. Nonetheless, losses equivalent to 3.05% of GDP were revealed, highlighting the importance of environmental conservation.
**Losses Due to Environmental Pollution**
In 2004, environmental pollution in China resulted in losses equivalent to 3.05% of GDP, with government investment in countermeasures reaching less than half of this figure at 1.18%. Severe water and air pollution require substantial further investment for remediation. While the government is making efforts, the current state of pollution still requires significant improvement.
**Impact of Invasive Species on Ecosystems and Strengthened Regulations**
In Japan, the impact of invasive species like the Western honey bee on ecosystems has become a concern, leading to the enactment and strengthening of the Invasive Alien Species Act. While the use of biological pesticides and microbial control agents has been promoted, caution is still necessary regarding the ecological impact of introducing these species. While the introduction of invasive species is being advanced as part of environmentally friendly agriculture, further research and stricter regulations are needed to balance risks and benefits.
**Japan's Environmental Liability Insurance**
Environmental pollution liability insurance has been introduced in Japan to cover risks associated with soil contamination in real estate transactions. Initially launched by AIU Insurance Company in 1992, this insurance is positioned as an incentive to prevent environmental destruction accidents. Currently, oil pollution liability insurance is the most widespread, covering "oil storage facilities" under the Water Pollution Control Act.
**Strengthened Pollution Regulations and Chemical Management**
In Japan, pollution regulations such as the Air Pollution Control Act, Water Pollution Control Act, and Soil Contamination Countermeasures Act have been strengthened. As a result, companies are required to ensure safety through prior screening of chemical production and import, while also working to reduce environmental impacts. Particularly, chemical management under the PRTR Law and J-MOSS (Recycling Law) has progressed, promoting the reduction of chemical use through these regulations.
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