Details of Cellulosic Ethanol Production Technology - August 2007
Cellulosic resources are biomass resources whose main component is cellulose, which makes up plant cell walls. Typical cellulosic resources include wood waste, agricultural waste, and forest waste. The major advantage of these resources is that they are not edible and thus avoid competition with food.
The process of producing ethanol from cellulosic resources is divided into the following major steps: pretreatment, saccharification, fermentation, and distillation and purification. Pretreatment involves physical, chemical, and biological treatments. This prepares the cellulose for easier breakdown into sugars.
Pretreated cellulose is broken down into glucose (monosaccharides) by the action of enzymes. This process is called "saccharification" and is essential for ethanol production. The saccharified glucose is then fermented by yeast to produce ethanol. During the fermentation process, sugar is converted into ethanol and carbon dioxide.
Finally, the ethanol mixture produced by fermentation is purified by distillation to reach a concentration that can eventually be used as fuel ethanol.
Cellulosic ethanol has the advantage of utilizing inedible biomass. This avoids competition with food and makes effective use of agricultural and forestry waste. It also contributes to the reduction of greenhouse gases. However, there are high cost and energy efficiency challenges. The costs of pretreatment and saccharification are high, and technical improvements are needed to be competitive in commercial-scale production. Furthermore, the production of cellulosic ethanol requires large amounts of energy, and there is a need to improve the energy balance.
Technological developments are underway to reduce the cost of cellulosic ethanol production and improve energy efficiency. Enzyme improvements, integrated processes, and new catalysts are being developed. As for market prospects, cellulosic ethanol is expected to be a sustainable energy source, but government support and subsidies are important for its widespread use on a commercial scale. Legal frameworks are being developed to promote the production and diffusion of cellulosic ethanol as part of renewable energy policies, particularly in Europe and the United States. It is hoped that technological innovation and policy support will make cellulosic ethanol a more economically viable alternative energy source.
Sunday, March 9, 2025
セルロース系エタノール製造技術の詳細 - 2007年8月
セルロース系エタノール製造技術の詳細 - 2007年8月
セルロース系資源は、植物の細胞壁を構成するセルロースを主成分とするバイオマス資源です。代表的なセルロース系資源には、木材廃材、農業廃棄物、森林廃棄物があります。これらの資源は食用ではないため、食料との競合を避けられる点が大きな利点です。
セルロース系資源からエタノールを製造するプロセスは、前処理、糖化、発酵、蒸留と精製の主要なステップに分かれます。前処理では、物理的処理、化学的処理、生物学的処理が用いられます。これにより、セルロースを糖に分解しやすくする準備が整います。
前処理されたセルロースは、酵素の働きによってグルコース（単糖）に分解されます。この過程は「糖化」と呼ばれ、エタノール生成のために不可欠です。その後、糖化されたグルコースは、酵母菌によって発酵され、エタノールが生成されます。発酵プロセスでは、糖がエタノールと二酸化炭素に変わります。
最後に、発酵によって生成されたエタノール混合物は、蒸留によって純度を高められ、最終的に燃料エタノールとして利用可能な濃度に達します。
セルロース系エタノールには、非食用バイオマスの利用という利点があります。これにより、食料との競合が避けられ、農業廃棄物や林業廃棄物を有効利用できます。また、温室効果ガスの削減にも寄与します。しかし、コストの高さとエネルギー効率の課題があります。前処理や糖化にかかるコストが高く、商業規模での生産において競争力を持つには技術的な改善が必要です。さらに、セルロース系エタノールの生産には大量のエネルギーが必要であり、エネルギー収支の改善が求められています。
セルロース系エタノールの生産コストを削減し、エネルギー効率を向上させるための技術開発が進められています。酵素の改良、統合プロセス、新規触媒の開発が行われています。市場の見通しとして、セルロース系エタノールは持続可能なエネルギー源として期待されていますが、商業規模での普及には政府の支援や補助金が重要です。欧米を中心に、再生可能エネルギー政策の一環として、セルロース系エタノールの生産と普及を促進するための法的枠組みが整備されています。技術革新と政策支援により、セルロース系エタノールがより経済的に実行可能な代替エネルギーとなることが期待されています。
セルロース系資源は、植物の細胞壁を構成するセルロースを主成分とするバイオマス資源です。代表的なセルロース系資源には、木材廃材、農業廃棄物、森林廃棄物があります。これらの資源は食用ではないため、食料との競合を避けられる点が大きな利点です。
セルロース系資源からエタノールを製造するプロセスは、前処理、糖化、発酵、蒸留と精製の主要なステップに分かれます。前処理では、物理的処理、化学的処理、生物学的処理が用いられます。これにより、セルロースを糖に分解しやすくする準備が整います。
前処理されたセルロースは、酵素の働きによってグルコース（単糖）に分解されます。この過程は「糖化」と呼ばれ、エタノール生成のために不可欠です。その後、糖化されたグルコースは、酵母菌によって発酵され、エタノールが生成されます。発酵プロセスでは、糖がエタノールと二酸化炭素に変わります。
最後に、発酵によって生成されたエタノール混合物は、蒸留によって純度を高められ、最終的に燃料エタノールとして利用可能な濃度に達します。
セルロース系エタノールには、非食用バイオマスの利用という利点があります。これにより、食料との競合が避けられ、農業廃棄物や林業廃棄物を有効利用できます。また、温室効果ガスの削減にも寄与します。しかし、コストの高さとエネルギー効率の課題があります。前処理や糖化にかかるコストが高く、商業規模での生産において競争力を持つには技術的な改善が必要です。さらに、セルロース系エタノールの生産には大量のエネルギーが必要であり、エネルギー収支の改善が求められています。
セルロース系エタノールの生産コストを削減し、エネルギー効率を向上させるための技術開発が進められています。酵素の改良、統合プロセス、新規触媒の開発が行われています。市場の見通しとして、セルロース系エタノールは持続可能なエネルギー源として期待されていますが、商業規模での普及には政府の支援や補助金が重要です。欧米を中心に、再生可能エネルギー政策の一環として、セルロース系エタノールの生産と普及を促進するための法的枠組みが整備されています。技術革新と政策支援により、セルロース系エタノールがより経済的に実行可能な代替エネルギーとなることが期待されています。
157th issue - Technology Summary - August 2007
157th issue - Technology Summary - August 2007
1. The Future of Biofuels
Biofuels have the potential to grow into a massive market in the future. Since around 2005, activity has intensified, and biodiesel fuel (BDF) has spread nationwide. Research and development on ethanol and BTL (bio-liquid fuel) using cellulosic resources are progressing, with expectations for cost-effectiveness that can produce both food and liquid fuel simultaneously. Ultimately, a best mix of fossil fuels and biofuels is expected to be realized.
2. Growth of Eco Funds
Since 2006, eco funds have shown remarkable growth, with increasing investments in companies related to renewable energy, energy conservation, and greenhouse gas reduction. Eco funds, particularly those targeting companies that contribute to global warming prevention, have attracted investor interest. Water resource-themed funds have also garnered attention, and further related fund setups are expected.
3. Spread of Solar Power Systems
In Kyoto, the installation subsidy for solar power systems has progressed, surpassing 700 cases in its fifth year. The subsidy amount has been increased to promote further adoption. Although the initial cost is high, it is expected to be recovered in 30 years, gaining support from environmentally conscious citizens.
4. Ethanol Production from Cellulosic Resources
Research is being conducted on ethanol production from cellulosic resources such as rice straw and wood. While cellulosic resources are highly energy-efficient, there are challenges in the high costs associated with preprocessing. As research progresses, improvements in energy balance are anticipated.
5. Environmental Technology in the Paper and Pulp Industry
In the paper and pulp industry, the material utilization of lignin is advancing, with progress in its use for epoxy resins and adhesives. Additionally, water consumption reduction technology development is emphasized, with water usage in the papermaking process reduced to one-fourth of what it was over the past 35 years. Further technological development is expected.
6. Research and Development of Rare Metal Substitution Technology
The Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology and the Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry are advancing technology development related to rare metals. Research is progressing on surface treatment technology using aluminum alloy as a substitute for zinc and the development of nano-particle self-forming catalysts as substitutes for precious metals. This is expected to lead to the practical application of new materials that maintain conventional properties while reducing the use of rare metals.
7. Reuse of Wastewater
In Japan, the reuse of wastewater is progressing, particularly with increased adoption in large-scale buildings. The effective use of water resources is promoted through the reuse of rainwater and treated water. Implementation based on comparisons with water and sewage charges is being promoted, and the development of infrastructure options in response to water risk is required.
8. Development of DME (Dimethyl Ether) Technology
DME is gaining attention as a clean fuel that does not emit SOx or PM. A demonstration plant in Hokkaido has started operation, and the production of liquid fuel from biogas is being considered. The liquefaction of biogas, which is generated by methane fermentation, is expected as a new application.
9. Development of a Wave-Powered Boat
Environmental adventurer Kenichi Horie has developed and test-ran the world's first boat powered by waves, the "SUNTORY Mermaid II". This boat aims for an eco-friendly voyage utilizing natural energy. Horie plans to challenge a voyage from Hawaii to Japan in 2009.
10. New Solar Power Generation Technology
A waterproof sheet incorporating an amorphous silicon solar cell module in film form has been developed. The "Sunroid DN Solar Sheet" significantly reduces the load compared to traditional power generation systems installed on roof frames, offering greater flexibility in installation. It is attracting attention as a new technology that realizes both solar power generation and waterproofing.
1. The Future of Biofuels
Biofuels have the potential to grow into a massive market in the future. Since around 2005, activity has intensified, and biodiesel fuel (BDF) has spread nationwide. Research and development on ethanol and BTL (bio-liquid fuel) using cellulosic resources are progressing, with expectations for cost-effectiveness that can produce both food and liquid fuel simultaneously. Ultimately, a best mix of fossil fuels and biofuels is expected to be realized.
2. Growth of Eco Funds
Since 2006, eco funds have shown remarkable growth, with increasing investments in companies related to renewable energy, energy conservation, and greenhouse gas reduction. Eco funds, particularly those targeting companies that contribute to global warming prevention, have attracted investor interest. Water resource-themed funds have also garnered attention, and further related fund setups are expected.
3. Spread of Solar Power Systems
In Kyoto, the installation subsidy for solar power systems has progressed, surpassing 700 cases in its fifth year. The subsidy amount has been increased to promote further adoption. Although the initial cost is high, it is expected to be recovered in 30 years, gaining support from environmentally conscious citizens.
4. Ethanol Production from Cellulosic Resources
Research is being conducted on ethanol production from cellulosic resources such as rice straw and wood. While cellulosic resources are highly energy-efficient, there are challenges in the high costs associated with preprocessing. As research progresses, improvements in energy balance are anticipated.
5. Environmental Technology in the Paper and Pulp Industry
In the paper and pulp industry, the material utilization of lignin is advancing, with progress in its use for epoxy resins and adhesives. Additionally, water consumption reduction technology development is emphasized, with water usage in the papermaking process reduced to one-fourth of what it was over the past 35 years. Further technological development is expected.
6. Research and Development of Rare Metal Substitution Technology
The Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology and the Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry are advancing technology development related to rare metals. Research is progressing on surface treatment technology using aluminum alloy as a substitute for zinc and the development of nano-particle self-forming catalysts as substitutes for precious metals. This is expected to lead to the practical application of new materials that maintain conventional properties while reducing the use of rare metals.
7. Reuse of Wastewater
In Japan, the reuse of wastewater is progressing, particularly with increased adoption in large-scale buildings. The effective use of water resources is promoted through the reuse of rainwater and treated water. Implementation based on comparisons with water and sewage charges is being promoted, and the development of infrastructure options in response to water risk is required.
8. Development of DME (Dimethyl Ether) Technology
DME is gaining attention as a clean fuel that does not emit SOx or PM. A demonstration plant in Hokkaido has started operation, and the production of liquid fuel from biogas is being considered. The liquefaction of biogas, which is generated by methane fermentation, is expected as a new application.
9. Development of a Wave-Powered Boat
Environmental adventurer Kenichi Horie has developed and test-ran the world's first boat powered by waves, the "SUNTORY Mermaid II". This boat aims for an eco-friendly voyage utilizing natural energy. Horie plans to challenge a voyage from Hawaii to Japan in 2009.
10. New Solar Power Generation Technology
A waterproof sheet incorporating an amorphous silicon solar cell module in film form has been developed. The "Sunroid DN Solar Sheet" significantly reduces the load compared to traditional power generation systems installed on roof frames, offering greater flexibility in installation. It is attracting attention as a new technology that realizes both solar power generation and waterproofing.
157th issue - Technology Summary - August 2007
157th issue - Technology Summary - August 2007
1. The Future of Biofuels
Biofuels have the potential to grow into a massive market in the future. Since around 2005, activity has intensified, and biodiesel fuel (BDF) has spread nationwide. Research and development on ethanol and BTL (bio-liquid fuel) using cellulosic resources are progressing, with expectations for cost-effectiveness that can produce both food and liquid fuel simultaneously. Ultimately, a best mix of fossil fuels and biofuels is expected to be realized.
2. Growth of Eco Funds
Since 2006, eco funds have shown remarkable growth, with increasing investments in companies related to renewable energy, energy conservation, and greenhouse gas reduction. Eco funds, particularly those targeting companies that contribute to global warming prevention, have attracted investor interest. Water resource-themed funds have also garnered attention, and further related fund setups are expected.
3. Spread of Solar Power Systems
In Kyoto, the installation subsidy for solar power systems has progressed, surpassing 700 cases in its fifth year. The subsidy amount has been increased to promote further adoption. Although the initial cost is high, it is expected to be recovered in 30 years, gaining support from environmentally conscious citizens.
4. Ethanol Production from Cellulosic Resources
Research is being conducted on ethanol production from cellulosic resources such as rice straw and wood. While cellulosic resources are highly energy-efficient, there are challenges in the high costs associated with preprocessing. As research progresses, improvements in energy balance are anticipated.
5. Environmental Technology in the Paper and Pulp Industry
In the paper and pulp industry, the material utilization of lignin is advancing, with progress in its use for epoxy resins and adhesives. Additionally, water consumption reduction technology development is emphasized, with water usage in the papermaking process reduced to one-fourth of what it was over the past 35 years. Further technological development is expected.
6. Research and Development of Rare Metal Substitution Technology
The Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology and the Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry are advancing technology development related to rare metals. Research is progressing on surface treatment technology using aluminum alloy as a substitute for zinc and the development of nano-particle self-forming catalysts as substitutes for precious metals. This is expected to lead to the practical application of new materials that maintain conventional properties while reducing the use of rare metals.
7. Reuse of Wastewater
In Japan, the reuse of wastewater is progressing, particularly with increased adoption in large-scale buildings. The effective use of water resources is promoted through the reuse of rainwater and treated water. Implementation based on comparisons with water and sewage charges is being promoted, and the development of infrastructure options in response to water risk is required.
8. Development of DME (Dimethyl Ether) Technology
DME is gaining attention as a clean fuel that does not emit SOx or PM. A demonstration plant in Hokkaido has started operation, and the production of liquid fuel from biogas is being considered. The liquefaction of biogas, which is generated by methane fermentation, is expected as a new application.
9. Development of a Wave-Powered Boat
Environmental adventurer Kenichi Horie has developed and test-ran the world's first boat powered by waves, the "SUNTORY Mermaid II". This boat aims for an eco-friendly voyage utilizing natural energy. Horie plans to challenge a voyage from Hawaii to Japan in 2009.
10. New Solar Power Generation Technology
A waterproof sheet incorporating an amorphous silicon solar cell module in film form has been developed. The "Sunroid DN Solar Sheet" significantly reduces the load compared to traditional power generation systems installed on roof frames, offering greater flexibility in installation. It is attracting attention as a new technology that realizes both solar power generation and waterproofing.
1. The Future of Biofuels
Biofuels have the potential to grow into a massive market in the future. Since around 2005, activity has intensified, and biodiesel fuel (BDF) has spread nationwide. Research and development on ethanol and BTL (bio-liquid fuel) using cellulosic resources are progressing, with expectations for cost-effectiveness that can produce both food and liquid fuel simultaneously. Ultimately, a best mix of fossil fuels and biofuels is expected to be realized.
2. Growth of Eco Funds
Since 2006, eco funds have shown remarkable growth, with increasing investments in companies related to renewable energy, energy conservation, and greenhouse gas reduction. Eco funds, particularly those targeting companies that contribute to global warming prevention, have attracted investor interest. Water resource-themed funds have also garnered attention, and further related fund setups are expected.
3. Spread of Solar Power Systems
In Kyoto, the installation subsidy for solar power systems has progressed, surpassing 700 cases in its fifth year. The subsidy amount has been increased to promote further adoption. Although the initial cost is high, it is expected to be recovered in 30 years, gaining support from environmentally conscious citizens.
4. Ethanol Production from Cellulosic Resources
Research is being conducted on ethanol production from cellulosic resources such as rice straw and wood. While cellulosic resources are highly energy-efficient, there are challenges in the high costs associated with preprocessing. As research progresses, improvements in energy balance are anticipated.
5. Environmental Technology in the Paper and Pulp Industry
In the paper and pulp industry, the material utilization of lignin is advancing, with progress in its use for epoxy resins and adhesives. Additionally, water consumption reduction technology development is emphasized, with water usage in the papermaking process reduced to one-fourth of what it was over the past 35 years. Further technological development is expected.
6. Research and Development of Rare Metal Substitution Technology
The Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology and the Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry are advancing technology development related to rare metals. Research is progressing on surface treatment technology using aluminum alloy as a substitute for zinc and the development of nano-particle self-forming catalysts as substitutes for precious metals. This is expected to lead to the practical application of new materials that maintain conventional properties while reducing the use of rare metals.
7. Reuse of Wastewater
In Japan, the reuse of wastewater is progressing, particularly with increased adoption in large-scale buildings. The effective use of water resources is promoted through the reuse of rainwater and treated water. Implementation based on comparisons with water and sewage charges is being promoted, and the development of infrastructure options in response to water risk is required.
8. Development of DME (Dimethyl Ether) Technology
DME is gaining attention as a clean fuel that does not emit SOx or PM. A demonstration plant in Hokkaido has started operation, and the production of liquid fuel from biogas is being considered. The liquefaction of biogas, which is generated by methane fermentation, is expected as a new application.
9. Development of a Wave-Powered Boat
Environmental adventurer Kenichi Horie has developed and test-ran the world's first boat powered by waves, the "SUNTORY Mermaid II". This boat aims for an eco-friendly voyage utilizing natural energy. Horie plans to challenge a voyage from Hawaii to Japan in 2009.
10. New Solar Power Generation Technology
A waterproof sheet incorporating an amorphous silicon solar cell module in film form has been developed. The "Sunroid DN Solar Sheet" significantly reduces the load compared to traditional power generation systems installed on roof frames, offering greater flexibility in installation. It is attracting attention as a new technology that realizes both solar power generation and waterproofing.
Food Waste Recycling Issues in Tokyo - November 2002
Food Waste Recycling Issues in Tokyo - November 2002
In Japan, approximately 19 million tons of food waste is generated annually, with about 9 million tons coming from business establishments and 10 million tons from households, especially in urban areas such as Tokyo and Osaka. The recycling rate of this waste is low, and most of it is incinerated or disposed of in landfills, creating an environmental impact problem. The Tokyo Metropolitan Government is attempting to reuse some food waste as biogas through methane fermentation, but the infrastructure is not yet in place nationwide.
In addition, a project to recycle food waste is underway in Koto Ward in collaboration with major companies such as Aeon and 7-Eleven. This is reinforcing efforts to reuse waste as organic fertilizer and animal feed. The future goal is to achieve a 30% recycling rate by 2020, but technical and cost challenges remain, and further cooperation from the government and businesses is needed.
In Japan, approximately 19 million tons of food waste is generated annually, with about 9 million tons coming from business establishments and 10 million tons from households, especially in urban areas such as Tokyo and Osaka. The recycling rate of this waste is low, and most of it is incinerated or disposed of in landfills, creating an environmental impact problem. The Tokyo Metropolitan Government is attempting to reuse some food waste as biogas through methane fermentation, but the infrastructure is not yet in place nationwide.
In addition, a project to recycle food waste is underway in Koto Ward in collaboration with major companies such as Aeon and 7-Eleven. This is reinforcing efforts to reuse waste as organic fertilizer and animal feed. The future goal is to achieve a 30% recycling rate by 2020, but technical and cost challenges remain, and further cooperation from the government and businesses is needed.
東京における食品廃棄物リサイクル問題 - 2002年11月
東京における食品廃棄物リサイクル問題 - 2002年11月
日本では年間約1900万トンもの食品廃棄物が発生しており、特に東京、大阪など都市部の事業所から約900万トン、家庭から約1000万トンが排出されています。この廃棄物のリサイクル率は低く、ほとんどが焼却や埋め立て処理され、環境負荷が問題となっています。東京都では一部の食品廃棄物をメタン発酵させてバイオガスとして再利用する試みが行われていますが、全国的にはインフラ整備が進んでいないのが現状です。
また、江東区ではイオンやセブンイレブンといった大手企業が連携し、食品廃棄物を再資源化するプロジェクトが進行中です。これにより、有機肥料や飼料として廃棄物が再利用される取り組みが強化されています。今後の目標として、2020年までに30％のリサイクル率を目指していますが、技術的およびコスト面での課題が依然残されており、政府や企業のさらなる協力が求められています。
日本では年間約1900万トンもの食品廃棄物が発生しており、特に東京、大阪など都市部の事業所から約900万トン、家庭から約1000万トンが排出されています。この廃棄物のリサイクル率は低く、ほとんどが焼却や埋め立て処理され、環境負荷が問題となっています。東京都では一部の食品廃棄物をメタン発酵させてバイオガスとして再利用する試みが行われていますが、全国的にはインフラ整備が進んでいないのが現状です。
また、江東区ではイオンやセブンイレブンといった大手企業が連携し、食品廃棄物を再資源化するプロジェクトが進行中です。これにより、有機肥料や飼料として廃棄物が再利用される取り組みが強化されています。今後の目標として、2020年までに30％のリサイクル率を目指していますが、技術的およびコスト面での課題が依然残されており、政府や企業のさらなる協力が求められています。
Improvement of river environment through dam reconstruction (Hita City, Oita Prefecture, 2000s-2020s)
Improvement of river environment through dam reconstruction (Hita City, Oita Prefecture, 2000s-2020s)
In the Oyama River in Hita City, Oita Prefecture, the river environment deteriorated due to a drastic decrease in water volume caused by the delivery of dam water to a power plant in 1973. In the 2010s, local residents and companies actively worked to protect the environment through river cleanups, vegetation restoration projects, and the introduction of new water quality measurement technology. In the 2020s, measures utilizing scientific data were promoted, with reports of improved feeding conditions for juvenile ayu and reduced flooding damage during heavy rainfall. These efforts have resulted in sustainable improvement of the river environment and increased safety in the region, and are attracting attention as a national model case.
In the Oyama River in Hita City, Oita Prefecture, the river environment deteriorated due to a drastic decrease in water volume caused by the delivery of dam water to a power plant in 1973. In the 2010s, local residents and companies actively worked to protect the environment through river cleanups, vegetation restoration projects, and the introduction of new water quality measurement technology. In the 2020s, measures utilizing scientific data were promoted, with reports of improved feeding conditions for juvenile ayu and reduced flooding damage during heavy rainfall. These efforts have resulted in sustainable improvement of the river environment and increased safety in the region, and are attracting attention as a national model case.
ダム改築による河川環境改善（大分県日田市・2000年代～2020年代）
ダム改築による河川環境改善（大分県日田市・2000年代～2020年代）
大分県日田市の大山川では、1973年のダム水の発電所送水により水量が激減し、河川環境が悪化。これを受け、2001年に官民連携でダム設備を改築し、水量を3倍に増加させ、環境改善が実現しました。2010年代には、河川清掃や植生再生プロジェクト、新たな水質測定技術が導入され、地域住民や企業が環境保全に積極的に取り組みました。2020年代には、フラッシュ放流で稚アユの餌環境改善や豪雨時の浸水被害低減が報告され、科学的データを活用した施策が推進されています。このような努力により、河川環境の持続的改善と地域の安全性向上が図られ、全国的なモデルケースとして注目されています。
大分県日田市の大山川では、1973年のダム水の発電所送水により水量が激減し、河川環境が悪化。これを受け、2001年に官民連携でダム設備を改築し、水量を3倍に増加させ、環境改善が実現しました。2010年代には、河川清掃や植生再生プロジェクト、新たな水質測定技術が導入され、地域住民や企業が環境保全に積極的に取り組みました。2020年代には、フラッシュ放流で稚アユの餌環境改善や豪雨時の浸水被害低減が報告され、科学的データを活用した施策が推進されています。このような努力により、河川環境の持続的改善と地域の安全性向上が図られ、全国的なモデルケースとして注目されています。
Saturday, March 8, 2025
Matsumoto City, Nagano Prefecture - Hazardous Waste Burial Incident - July 2001
Matsumoto City, Nagano Prefecture - Hazardous Waste Burial Incident - July 2001
A case was uncovered in which approximately 1,570 tons of hazardous waste was illegally buried in the suburbs of Matsumoto City, Nagano Prefecture. Approximately 650 tons of this hazardous waste contained high concentrations of PCBs, and about 120 times the standard level of PCBs were detected in the groundwater. Seventy local residents from 70 households have complained of possible health problems, and 15 people have been confirmed to be suffering from respiratory illnesses and fatigue. The contractor responsible for the burial was "Matsumoto Industrial Waste Recycling," which falsified treatment certificates and buried the waste between 1995 and 2000.
In response, Nagano Prefecture began removing the waste and purifying the groundwater, allocating a budget of approximately 650 million yen. Groundwater purification is underway with a plan to reduce the concentration of contamination by more than 90% by 2023. The contractor is also expected to be fined 250 million yen and imprisoned for three years. This incident has highlighted the inadequacies of the waste management system, and there is discussion of strengthening the monitoring system and making on-site inspections mandatory as measures to prevent recurrence.
A case was uncovered in which approximately 1,570 tons of hazardous waste was illegally buried in the suburbs of Matsumoto City, Nagano Prefecture. Approximately 650 tons of this hazardous waste contained high concentrations of PCBs, and about 120 times the standard level of PCBs were detected in the groundwater. Seventy local residents from 70 households have complained of possible health problems, and 15 people have been confirmed to be suffering from respiratory illnesses and fatigue. The contractor responsible for the burial was "Matsumoto Industrial Waste Recycling," which falsified treatment certificates and buried the waste between 1995 and 2000.
In response, Nagano Prefecture began removing the waste and purifying the groundwater, allocating a budget of approximately 650 million yen. Groundwater purification is underway with a plan to reduce the concentration of contamination by more than 90% by 2023. The contractor is also expected to be fined 250 million yen and imprisoned for three years. This incident has highlighted the inadequacies of the waste management system, and there is discussion of strengthening the monitoring system and making on-site inspections mandatory as measures to prevent recurrence.
長野県松本市 - 有害廃棄物埋設事件 - 2001年7月
長野県松本市 - 有害廃棄物埋設事件 - 2001年7月
長野県松本市郊外で、約1570トンの有害廃棄物が違法に埋設されていた事件が発覚しました。そのうち約650トンは高濃度PCBを含む危険物で、地下水から基準値の約120倍のPCBが検出されました。現地住民70世帯が健康被害の可能性を訴え、15名が呼吸器疾患や倦怠感を抱えていることが確認されています。埋設を行っていた業者は「松本産廃リサイクル」で、処理証明書を偽造し、1995年から2000年にかけて廃棄物を埋設していました。
これを受け、長野県は廃棄物の撤去と地下水の浄化を開始し、約6億5000万円の予算を計上。地下水浄化は2023年までに汚染濃度を90%以上削減する計画で進められています。また、業者には罰金2億5000万円と懲役3年が科される見込みです。この事件は廃棄物管理体制の不備を浮き彫りにし、再発防止策として監視体制の強化や現地検査の義務化が議論されています。
長野県松本市郊外で、約1570トンの有害廃棄物が違法に埋設されていた事件が発覚しました。そのうち約650トンは高濃度PCBを含む危険物で、地下水から基準値の約120倍のPCBが検出されました。現地住民70世帯が健康被害の可能性を訴え、15名が呼吸器疾患や倦怠感を抱えていることが確認されています。埋設を行っていた業者は「松本産廃リサイクル」で、処理証明書を偽造し、1995年から2000年にかけて廃棄物を埋設していました。
これを受け、長野県は廃棄物の撤去と地下水の浄化を開始し、約6億5000万円の予算を計上。地下水浄化は2023年までに汚染濃度を90%以上削減する計画で進められています。また、業者には罰金2億5000万円と懲役3年が科される見込みです。この事件は廃棄物管理体制の不備を浮き彫りにし、再発防止策として監視体制の強化や現地検査の義務化が議論されています。
PCB problem caused by Fukuoka Kanemi Oil Incident - May 1968
PCB problem caused by Fukuoka Kanemi Oil Incident - May 1968
The 1968 Kanemi Oil Incident centered in Fukuoka Prefecture triggered widespread awareness of the dangers of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in Japan. The incident occurred when Kanecrol, a heat-transfer medium containing PCBs, was mixed with rice bran oil produced by Fukuoka Prefecture-based Kanemi Warehouse Co. As a result, approximately 14,000 consumers suffered serious poisoning symptoms known as oil sickness. Symptoms included rashes, fatigue, liver dysfunction, and even health problems for unborn children.
After the incident, the Japanese government banned the production and use of PCBs in 1972. PCBs are extremely difficult to decompose, and it is estimated that it takes more than 100 years for PCBs to decompose in nature.
This incident led to an emphasis on proper PCB waste treatment, especially the introduction of technologies to render PCBs harmless through high-temperature incineration. However, the problem of dioxin emitted during incineration has been pointed out, and the construction of treatment facilities has not progressed. A large amount of PCB waste still remains in Japan, and plans are underway to eliminate all PCB waste by 2027.
The Kanemi Oil PCB incident in Fukuoka Prefecture was a symbolic example of an era of inadequate management of chemical substances, and had a major impact on subsequent environmental policy and industry initiatives.
The 1968 Kanemi Oil Incident centered in Fukuoka Prefecture triggered widespread awareness of the dangers of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in Japan. The incident occurred when Kanecrol, a heat-transfer medium containing PCBs, was mixed with rice bran oil produced by Fukuoka Prefecture-based Kanemi Warehouse Co. As a result, approximately 14,000 consumers suffered serious poisoning symptoms known as oil sickness. Symptoms included rashes, fatigue, liver dysfunction, and even health problems for unborn children.
After the incident, the Japanese government banned the production and use of PCBs in 1972. PCBs are extremely difficult to decompose, and it is estimated that it takes more than 100 years for PCBs to decompose in nature.
This incident led to an emphasis on proper PCB waste treatment, especially the introduction of technologies to render PCBs harmless through high-temperature incineration. However, the problem of dioxin emitted during incineration has been pointed out, and the construction of treatment facilities has not progressed. A large amount of PCB waste still remains in Japan, and plans are underway to eliminate all PCB waste by 2027.
The Kanemi Oil PCB incident in Fukuoka Prefecture was a symbolic example of an era of inadequate management of chemical substances, and had a major impact on subsequent environmental policy and industry initiatives.
福岡県カネミ油症事件によるPCB問題 - 1968年5月
福岡県カネミ油症事件によるPCB問題 - 1968年5月
1968年に発生した福岡県を中心としたカネミ油症事件は、日本国内でPCB（ポリ塩化ビフェニル）の危険性が広く認識される契機となりました。この事件は、福岡県に本社を置くカネミ倉庫株式会社が製造した米ぬか油に、PCBを含む熱媒体「カネクロール」が混入したことから発生しました。結果として、約1万4千人の消費者が、油症と呼ばれる深刻な中毒症状を引き起こしました。症状には、発疹、倦怠感、肝機能障害、さらには生まれてくる子どもへの健康被害が含まれました。
事件後、日本政府は1972年にPCBの製造・使用を禁止しましたが、PCBは広範な産業分野で使用されていたため、処理に困難を伴いました。PCBは絶縁性や耐熱性に優れ、特に変圧器やコンデンサーの冷却材として使用されていたため、約4万トンものPCBが日本国内に残留し、その多くが未処理のまま保管されています。PCBは極めて分解しにくい物質で、自然界での分解には100年以上かかるとされています。
この事件を受け、適切なPCB廃棄物処理が重要視され、特に高温焼却処理による無害化技術が導入されました。しかし、焼却時に発生するダイオキシンの問題も指摘され、処理施設の建設が進まない状況も続いています。日本国内には依然としてPCBの廃棄物が大量に残っており、2027年までに全廃する計画が進行中です。
福岡県で発生したカネミ油症事件は、化学物質の管理が不十分であった時代の象徴的な事例であり、その後の環境政策や産業界の取り組みに大きな影響を与えました。
1968年に発生した福岡県を中心としたカネミ油症事件は、日本国内でPCB（ポリ塩化ビフェニル）の危険性が広く認識される契機となりました。この事件は、福岡県に本社を置くカネミ倉庫株式会社が製造した米ぬか油に、PCBを含む熱媒体「カネクロール」が混入したことから発生しました。結果として、約1万4千人の消費者が、油症と呼ばれる深刻な中毒症状を引き起こしました。症状には、発疹、倦怠感、肝機能障害、さらには生まれてくる子どもへの健康被害が含まれました。
事件後、日本政府は1972年にPCBの製造・使用を禁止しましたが、PCBは広範な産業分野で使用されていたため、処理に困難を伴いました。PCBは絶縁性や耐熱性に優れ、特に変圧器やコンデンサーの冷却材として使用されていたため、約4万トンものPCBが日本国内に残留し、その多くが未処理のまま保管されています。PCBは極めて分解しにくい物質で、自然界での分解には100年以上かかるとされています。
この事件を受け、適切なPCB廃棄物処理が重要視され、特に高温焼却処理による無害化技術が導入されました。しかし、焼却時に発生するダイオキシンの問題も指摘され、処理施設の建設が進まない状況も続いています。日本国内には依然としてPCBの廃棄物が大量に残っており、2027年までに全廃する計画が進行中です。
福岡県で発生したカネミ油症事件は、化学物質の管理が不十分であった時代の象徴的な事例であり、その後の環境政策や産業界の取り組みに大きな影響を与えました。
Miyazaki Prefecture Aya Town's Organic Farming and Environmental Conservation Efforts - April 1997
Miyazaki Prefecture Aya Town's Organic Farming and Environmental Conservation Efforts - April 1997
In Aya Town, Miyazaki Prefecture, organic farming is actively promoted to advance environmental conservation and sustainable agriculture. Since being registered as a "Aya UNESCO Eco Park" in 1988, the town has focused on the widespread use of pesticide-free and chemical-free farming. Currently, about 70% (around 600 hectares) of the town's farmland is dedicated to organic farming. The farmers in Aya Town reduce environmental impact by using organic fertilizers and compost instead of chemical fertilizers and pesticides.
The Aya Agricultural Cooperative (JA Aya) ships approximately 1500 tons of organic produce annually, including 500 tons of organic rice. The organic rice from Aya Town yields about 4 tons per hectare and maintains high quality without using pesticides. Additionally, around 1000 tons of organic vegetables and fruits are shipped annually, with these products being distributed mainly within Kyushu and Kanto regions, earning high praise both domestically and internationally.
Moreover, Aya Town is actively involved in water resource conservation, conducting regular water quality monitoring of its major water sources, including the Ayagawa and Gokasegawa rivers. This prevents water pollution from agricultural runoff and ensures ecosystem protection. The monitoring results consistently show that the water quality around the farmland meets environmental standards, with no detection of harmful substances.
Furthermore, about 90% of agricultural waste is recycled in Aya Town, used as compost and organic fertilizers. The town has also introduced agricultural technology that utilizes renewable energy, with more than 10 solar-powered farms generating a total of approximately 500kWh of electricity annually.
These initiatives not only preserve Aya Town's natural environment but have also attracted around 30,000 tourists annually through "eco-tourism," contributing approximately 1 billion yen in economic benefits to the town each year.
In Aya Town, Miyazaki Prefecture, organic farming is actively promoted to advance environmental conservation and sustainable agriculture. Since being registered as a "Aya UNESCO Eco Park" in 1988, the town has focused on the widespread use of pesticide-free and chemical-free farming. Currently, about 70% (around 600 hectares) of the town's farmland is dedicated to organic farming. The farmers in Aya Town reduce environmental impact by using organic fertilizers and compost instead of chemical fertilizers and pesticides.
The Aya Agricultural Cooperative (JA Aya) ships approximately 1500 tons of organic produce annually, including 500 tons of organic rice. The organic rice from Aya Town yields about 4 tons per hectare and maintains high quality without using pesticides. Additionally, around 1000 tons of organic vegetables and fruits are shipped annually, with these products being distributed mainly within Kyushu and Kanto regions, earning high praise both domestically and internationally.
Moreover, Aya Town is actively involved in water resource conservation, conducting regular water quality monitoring of its major water sources, including the Ayagawa and Gokasegawa rivers. This prevents water pollution from agricultural runoff and ensures ecosystem protection. The monitoring results consistently show that the water quality around the farmland meets environmental standards, with no detection of harmful substances.
Furthermore, about 90% of agricultural waste is recycled in Aya Town, used as compost and organic fertilizers. The town has also introduced agricultural technology that utilizes renewable energy, with more than 10 solar-powered farms generating a total of approximately 500kWh of electricity annually.
These initiatives not only preserve Aya Town's natural environment but have also attracted around 30,000 tourists annually through "eco-tourism," contributing approximately 1 billion yen in economic benefits to the town each year.
Miyazaki Prefecture Aya Town's Organic Farming and Environmental Conservation Efforts - April 1997
Miyazaki Prefecture Aya Town's Organic Farming and Environmental Conservation Efforts - April 1997
In Aya Town, Miyazaki Prefecture, organic farming is actively promoted to advance environmental conservation and sustainable agriculture. Since being registered as a "Aya UNESCO Eco Park" in 1988, the town has focused on the widespread use of pesticide-free and chemical-free farming. Currently, about 70% (around 600 hectares) of the town's farmland is dedicated to organic farming. The farmers in Aya Town reduce environmental impact by using organic fertilizers and compost instead of chemical fertilizers and pesticides.
The Aya Agricultural Cooperative (JA Aya) ships approximately 1500 tons of organic produce annually, including 500 tons of organic rice. The organic rice from Aya Town yields about 4 tons per hectare and maintains high quality without using pesticides. Additionally, around 1000 tons of organic vegetables and fruits are shipped annually, with these products being distributed mainly within Kyushu and Kanto regions, earning high praise both domestically and internationally.
Moreover, Aya Town is actively involved in water resource conservation, conducting regular water quality monitoring of its major water sources, including the Ayagawa and Gokasegawa rivers. This prevents water pollution from agricultural runoff and ensures ecosystem protection. The monitoring results consistently show that the water quality around the farmland meets environmental standards, with no detection of harmful substances.
Furthermore, about 90% of agricultural waste is recycled in Aya Town, used as compost and organic fertilizers. The town has also introduced agricultural technology that utilizes renewable energy, with more than 10 solar-powered farms generating a total of approximately 500kWh of electricity annually.
These initiatives not only preserve Aya Town's natural environment but have also attracted around 30,000 tourists annually through "eco-tourism," contributing approximately 1 billion yen in economic benefits to the town each year.
In Aya Town, Miyazaki Prefecture, organic farming is actively promoted to advance environmental conservation and sustainable agriculture. Since being registered as a "Aya UNESCO Eco Park" in 1988, the town has focused on the widespread use of pesticide-free and chemical-free farming. Currently, about 70% (around 600 hectares) of the town's farmland is dedicated to organic farming. The farmers in Aya Town reduce environmental impact by using organic fertilizers and compost instead of chemical fertilizers and pesticides.
The Aya Agricultural Cooperative (JA Aya) ships approximately 1500 tons of organic produce annually, including 500 tons of organic rice. The organic rice from Aya Town yields about 4 tons per hectare and maintains high quality without using pesticides. Additionally, around 1000 tons of organic vegetables and fruits are shipped annually, with these products being distributed mainly within Kyushu and Kanto regions, earning high praise both domestically and internationally.
Moreover, Aya Town is actively involved in water resource conservation, conducting regular water quality monitoring of its major water sources, including the Ayagawa and Gokasegawa rivers. This prevents water pollution from agricultural runoff and ensures ecosystem protection. The monitoring results consistently show that the water quality around the farmland meets environmental standards, with no detection of harmful substances.
Furthermore, about 90% of agricultural waste is recycled in Aya Town, used as compost and organic fertilizers. The town has also introduced agricultural technology that utilizes renewable energy, with more than 10 solar-powered farms generating a total of approximately 500kWh of electricity annually.
These initiatives not only preserve Aya Town's natural environment but have also attracted around 30,000 tourists annually through "eco-tourism," contributing approximately 1 billion yen in economic benefits to the town each year.
### Asakusa Roku-gu and the Transition of Popular Culture (1890s-1950s)
### Asakusa Roku-gu and the Transition of Popular Culture (1890s-1950s)
Asakusa Roku-gu flourished as the center of Japanese entertainment culture from the late Meiji period (1868-1912) to the early Showa period (1926-1989). Theaters, movie theaters, and yose theaters were clustered in this area, and the area was a beloved temple of entertainment for the common people. Behind this development was the modernization and urbanization of Japan and the maturation of popular culture.
---...
#### **The Beginning of Development and the Late Meiji Period**
In the late Meiji Era, Asakusa's six wards were formed as the entertainment center for the citizens of Tokyo. 1893 saw the birth of the Roku-gu entertainment district, and a succession of playhouses and freak shows opened. In particular, such landmarks as the "Denkikan" and the "Nakaza" attracted audiences. At this time, Nakamura Utaemon (**Nakamura Utaemon I)** and **Ogami Kikugoro (Onoe Kikugoro VI)**, the proprietors of the Roku-gu entertainment district, became popular, attracting many people as a place where common people could enjoy easy entertainment.
Urbanization in modern Japan also supported the development of Asakusa Roku-ward. With the development of railroads and streetcars, the area attracted attention as a geographically convenient location that could be easily accessed from the countryside.
--- Asakusa Rokku
#### **Taisho Era: The heyday of Asakusa Opera and Movies**
During the Taisho era (1912-1926), a new type of entertainment called "Asakusa Opera" emerged. In particular, the "Teikoku-kan" and "Asakusa-za" theaters became the bases for such stars as **Yoshie Fujiwara** and **Takashi Iba**. Their Western-style operatic productions became very popular among the common people.
At the same time, the number of movie theaters began to increase, and Asakusa Roku-ward became known as the "Hollywood of Japan. Movie companies such as Shochiku and Nikkatsu operated movie theaters and led the development of Japanese cinema through the transition from motion pictures (silent films) to talkies (voiced films). **Movie stars such as Tsumasaburo Bando** and Ryunosuke Tsukigata** became the object of admiration among the general public, and Asakusa established itself as a center of popular culture.
---.
#### **Early Showa Period: Fusion of Modern and Retro**.
In the early Showa period, Asakusa's six wards produced an even more diverse culture. Entertainment developed in abundance, including the birth of reviews (musical-style shows) and comedians. The "Franceza," which became famous as the center of Asakusa reviews in the Showa period, produced stars such as **Kenichi Enomoto (Enoken) ** and **Roppa Furukawa**. Their humor and acting attracted many audiences.
On the other hand, the Great Kanto Earthquake (1923) and World War II (1940s) also affected the Asakusa Roku-gu area, causing it to temporarily lose its vitality. However, through reconstruction after the earthquake and after the war, the revival of popular entertainment was promoted. Especially in the postwar period, grassroots theaters and cinemas once again gained attention as places for people's spiritual healing, thanks to the efforts of theater owner **KOBAYASHI Ichizo**.
---KOBAYASHI ICHIZO
#### **Decline of Asakusa Roku-gu and its impact on the present day**.
With the start of the high-growth period, the center of entertainment shifted to areas such as Ginza, Shinjuku, and Shibuya. With the spread of television, movie theaters and theaters closed one after another, and the Asakusa Roku-ward lost its luster. However, the yose culture was kept alive by such masters as **Sanyutei Enso (VI) ** and **Katsura Bunraku (VIII) **, who supported the "Asakusa Engei Hall.
Today, attempts are being made to revive popular culture through yose and events such as the Asakusa Engei Hall and the Asakusa Public Hall. The history of Asakusa Roku-gu has been passed down through the generations as a symbolic example of the transition of Japanese entertainment culture.
--- Asakusa Roku-gu
Asakusa Roku-gu was an integral part of Japan's modern entertainment history as a stage for stars such as **Yoshie Fujiwara**, **Tsumasaburo Bando**, and **Kenichi Enomoto**. Unraveling its history reveals the underlying power of popular culture that sustains the laughter, joy, and vitality of the lives of ordinary people.
Asakusa Roku-gu flourished as the center of Japanese entertainment culture from the late Meiji period (1868-1912) to the early Showa period (1926-1989). Theaters, movie theaters, and yose theaters were clustered in this area, and the area was a beloved temple of entertainment for the common people. Behind this development was the modernization and urbanization of Japan and the maturation of popular culture.
---...
#### **The Beginning of Development and the Late Meiji Period**
In the late Meiji Era, Asakusa's six wards were formed as the entertainment center for the citizens of Tokyo. 1893 saw the birth of the Roku-gu entertainment district, and a succession of playhouses and freak shows opened. In particular, such landmarks as the "Denkikan" and the "Nakaza" attracted audiences. At this time, Nakamura Utaemon (**Nakamura Utaemon I)** and **Ogami Kikugoro (Onoe Kikugoro VI)**, the proprietors of the Roku-gu entertainment district, became popular, attracting many people as a place where common people could enjoy easy entertainment.
Urbanization in modern Japan also supported the development of Asakusa Roku-ward. With the development of railroads and streetcars, the area attracted attention as a geographically convenient location that could be easily accessed from the countryside.
--- Asakusa Rokku
#### **Taisho Era: The heyday of Asakusa Opera and Movies**
During the Taisho era (1912-1926), a new type of entertainment called "Asakusa Opera" emerged. In particular, the "Teikoku-kan" and "Asakusa-za" theaters became the bases for such stars as **Yoshie Fujiwara** and **Takashi Iba**. Their Western-style operatic productions became very popular among the common people.
At the same time, the number of movie theaters began to increase, and Asakusa Roku-ward became known as the "Hollywood of Japan. Movie companies such as Shochiku and Nikkatsu operated movie theaters and led the development of Japanese cinema through the transition from motion pictures (silent films) to talkies (voiced films). **Movie stars such as Tsumasaburo Bando** and Ryunosuke Tsukigata** became the object of admiration among the general public, and Asakusa established itself as a center of popular culture.
---.
#### **Early Showa Period: Fusion of Modern and Retro**.
In the early Showa period, Asakusa's six wards produced an even more diverse culture. Entertainment developed in abundance, including the birth of reviews (musical-style shows) and comedians. The "Franceza," which became famous as the center of Asakusa reviews in the Showa period, produced stars such as **Kenichi Enomoto (Enoken) ** and **Roppa Furukawa**. Their humor and acting attracted many audiences.
On the other hand, the Great Kanto Earthquake (1923) and World War II (1940s) also affected the Asakusa Roku-gu area, causing it to temporarily lose its vitality. However, through reconstruction after the earthquake and after the war, the revival of popular entertainment was promoted. Especially in the postwar period, grassroots theaters and cinemas once again gained attention as places for people's spiritual healing, thanks to the efforts of theater owner **KOBAYASHI Ichizo**.
---KOBAYASHI ICHIZO
#### **Decline of Asakusa Roku-gu and its impact on the present day**.
With the start of the high-growth period, the center of entertainment shifted to areas such as Ginza, Shinjuku, and Shibuya. With the spread of television, movie theaters and theaters closed one after another, and the Asakusa Roku-ward lost its luster. However, the yose culture was kept alive by such masters as **Sanyutei Enso (VI) ** and **Katsura Bunraku (VIII) **, who supported the "Asakusa Engei Hall.
Today, attempts are being made to revive popular culture through yose and events such as the Asakusa Engei Hall and the Asakusa Public Hall. The history of Asakusa Roku-gu has been passed down through the generations as a symbolic example of the transition of Japanese entertainment culture.
--- Asakusa Roku-gu
Asakusa Roku-gu was an integral part of Japan's modern entertainment history as a stage for stars such as **Yoshie Fujiwara**, **Tsumasaburo Bando**, and **Kenichi Enomoto**. Unraveling its history reveals the underlying power of popular culture that sustains the laughter, joy, and vitality of the lives of ordinary people.
### 浅草六区と大衆文化の変遷（1890年代～1950年代）
### 浅草六区と大衆文化の変遷（1890年代～1950年代）
浅草六区は、明治末期から昭和初期にかけて日本の娯楽文化の中心地として栄えました。この地域には劇場、映画館、寄席などが集まり、庶民の娯楽の殿堂として愛されていました。その発展の背景には、日本の近代化と都市化、そして大衆文化の成熟がありました。
---
#### **発展の始まりと明治末期**
明治時代後期、浅草六区は東京市民の娯楽の中心地として形成されました。1893年に六区興行街が誕生すると、芝居小屋や見世物小屋が次々と開業。特に「電気館」や「中座」といった名所が観客を引きつけました。この頃、六区の興行主である**中村歌右衛門（初代）**や**尾上菊五郎（六代目）**が人気を博し、庶民的で手軽な娯楽が楽しめる場所として多くの人々を惹きつけました。
また、近代日本における都市化が浅草六区の発展を支えました。鉄道や路面電車の整備により、地方からも簡単にアクセスできる地理的利便性を持つ場所として注目されました。
---
#### **大正時代：浅草オペラと映画の全盛期**
大正時代には「浅草オペラ」と呼ばれる新しいエンターテインメントが登場しました。特に、「帝国館」や「浅草座」が拠点となり、**藤原義江**や**伊庭孝**といったスターが活躍しました。彼らの欧米風オペラの演出は庶民の間で大流行しました。
同時に映画館の増加が始まり、浅草六区は「日本のハリウッド」とも称されるようになりました。松竹や日活といった映画会社が映画館を運営し、活動写真（無声映画）からトーキー（有声映画）への移行を通じて日本映画の発展をリードしました。**阪東妻三郎**や**月形龍之介**といった映画スターが庶民の憧れの的となり、浅草は大衆文化の中心地としての地位を確立しました。
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#### **昭和初期：モダンとレトロの融合**
昭和初期、浅草六区はさらに多様な文化を生み出しました。レビュー（ミュージカル風のショー）やコメディアンの誕生など、エンターテインメントが豊かに発展しました。昭和の浅草レビューの中心地として名を馳せた「フランス座」は、**榎本健一（エノケン）**や**古川ロッパ**といったスターを輩出しました。彼らのユーモアや演技は多くの観客を魅了しました。
一方で、関東大震災（1923年）や第二次世界大戦（1940年代）の影響も受け、浅草六区は一時的にその活気を失いました。しかし、震災復興や戦後の再建を通じて、大衆娯楽の再生が進められました。特に戦後には、劇場主である**小林一三**の尽力により草の根的な劇場や映画館が人々の心の癒しの場として再び注目を集めました。
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#### **浅草六区の衰退と現代への影響**
高度経済成長期に入り、娯楽の中心は銀座や新宿、渋谷といった地域に移行しました。テレビの普及により、映画館や劇場が次々と閉鎖され、浅草六区の輝きは失われていきました。しかし、「浅草演芸ホール」を支えた**三遊亭圓生（六代目）**や**桂文楽（八代目）**などの名人によって、寄席文化が命脈を保ちました。
現代では、「浅草演芸ホール」や「浅草公会堂」といった寄席やイベントを通じて、大衆文化の復興が試みられています。また、浅草六区の歴史は、日本の娯楽文化の変遷を象徴する事例として語り継がれています。
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浅草六区は、**藤原義江**や**阪東妻三郎**、**榎本健一**といったスターたちの舞台として、日本の近代娯楽史に欠かせない存在でした。その歴史を紐解くと、庶民の笑いや喜び、そして生活の活力を支える大衆文化の底力が見えてきます。
浅草六区は、明治末期から昭和初期にかけて日本の娯楽文化の中心地として栄えました。この地域には劇場、映画館、寄席などが集まり、庶民の娯楽の殿堂として愛されていました。その発展の背景には、日本の近代化と都市化、そして大衆文化の成熟がありました。
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#### **発展の始まりと明治末期**
明治時代後期、浅草六区は東京市民の娯楽の中心地として形成されました。1893年に六区興行街が誕生すると、芝居小屋や見世物小屋が次々と開業。特に「電気館」や「中座」といった名所が観客を引きつけました。この頃、六区の興行主である**中村歌右衛門（初代）**や**尾上菊五郎（六代目）**が人気を博し、庶民的で手軽な娯楽が楽しめる場所として多くの人々を惹きつけました。
また、近代日本における都市化が浅草六区の発展を支えました。鉄道や路面電車の整備により、地方からも簡単にアクセスできる地理的利便性を持つ場所として注目されました。
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#### **大正時代：浅草オペラと映画の全盛期**
大正時代には「浅草オペラ」と呼ばれる新しいエンターテインメントが登場しました。特に、「帝国館」や「浅草座」が拠点となり、**藤原義江**や**伊庭孝**といったスターが活躍しました。彼らの欧米風オペラの演出は庶民の間で大流行しました。
同時に映画館の増加が始まり、浅草六区は「日本のハリウッド」とも称されるようになりました。松竹や日活といった映画会社が映画館を運営し、活動写真（無声映画）からトーキー（有声映画）への移行を通じて日本映画の発展をリードしました。**阪東妻三郎**や**月形龍之介**といった映画スターが庶民の憧れの的となり、浅草は大衆文化の中心地としての地位を確立しました。
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#### **昭和初期：モダンとレトロの融合**
昭和初期、浅草六区はさらに多様な文化を生み出しました。レビュー（ミュージカル風のショー）やコメディアンの誕生など、エンターテインメントが豊かに発展しました。昭和の浅草レビューの中心地として名を馳せた「フランス座」は、**榎本健一（エノケン）**や**古川ロッパ**といったスターを輩出しました。彼らのユーモアや演技は多くの観客を魅了しました。
一方で、関東大震災（1923年）や第二次世界大戦（1940年代）の影響も受け、浅草六区は一時的にその活気を失いました。しかし、震災復興や戦後の再建を通じて、大衆娯楽の再生が進められました。特に戦後には、劇場主である**小林一三**の尽力により草の根的な劇場や映画館が人々の心の癒しの場として再び注目を集めました。
---
#### **浅草六区の衰退と現代への影響**
高度経済成長期に入り、娯楽の中心は銀座や新宿、渋谷といった地域に移行しました。テレビの普及により、映画館や劇場が次々と閉鎖され、浅草六区の輝きは失われていきました。しかし、「浅草演芸ホール」を支えた**三遊亭圓生（六代目）**や**桂文楽（八代目）**などの名人によって、寄席文化が命脈を保ちました。
現代では、「浅草演芸ホール」や「浅草公会堂」といった寄席やイベントを通じて、大衆文化の復興が試みられています。また、浅草六区の歴史は、日本の娯楽文化の変遷を象徴する事例として語り継がれています。
---
浅草六区は、**藤原義江**や**阪東妻三郎**、**榎本健一**といったスターたちの舞台として、日本の近代娯楽史に欠かせない存在でした。その歴史を紐解くと、庶民の笑いや喜び、そして生活の活力を支える大衆文化の底力が見えてきます。
Food Waste Recycling in Tokyo - 2022
Food Waste Recycling in Tokyo - 2022
Tokyo generates approximately 5.5 million tons of food waste annually, with a particularly large share coming from the food service and retail industries in urban centers such as Shinjuku and Shibuya wards. Approximately 1.1 million tons of waste is generated from households and 4.4 million tons from business establishments. At a recycling plant in Koto City, food waste is methane fermented to produce biogas, and 120,000 tons of waste is processed annually. This biogas is supplied to public facilities in the ward and used as renewable energy.
Furthermore, major convenience store chains such as 7-Eleven and FamilyMart are developing projects to reuse waste food as feed and fertilizer, with 7-Eleven aiming for an 80% reuse rate by 2025. On the other hand, waste disposal costs are high at approximately 50,000 yen per ton, and cost improvements are needed.
Tokyo generates approximately 5.5 million tons of food waste annually, with a particularly large share coming from the food service and retail industries in urban centers such as Shinjuku and Shibuya wards. Approximately 1.1 million tons of waste is generated from households and 4.4 million tons from business establishments. At a recycling plant in Koto City, food waste is methane fermented to produce biogas, and 120,000 tons of waste is processed annually. This biogas is supplied to public facilities in the ward and used as renewable energy.
Furthermore, major convenience store chains such as 7-Eleven and FamilyMart are developing projects to reuse waste food as feed and fertilizer, with 7-Eleven aiming for an 80% reuse rate by 2025. On the other hand, waste disposal costs are high at approximately 50,000 yen per ton, and cost improvements are needed.
東京における食品廃棄物リサイクルの現状 - 2022年
東京における食品廃棄物リサイクルの現状 - 2022年
東京では年間約550万トンの食品廃棄物が発生し、特に新宿区や渋谷区など都心部の飲食業や小売業が大きな割合を占めています。家庭からは約110万トン、事業所からは約440万トンの廃棄物が排出されています。江東区にあるリサイクルプラントでは、食品廃棄物をメタン発酵させてバイオガスを生成し、年間12万トンの廃棄物が処理されています。このバイオガスは区内の公共施設に供給され、再生可能エネルギーとして活用されています。
さらに、セブンイレブンやファミリーマートといった大手コンビニチェーンは、廃棄食品を飼料や肥料として再利用するプロジェクトを展開しており、セブンイレブンは2025年までに80％の再利用率を目指しています。一方、廃棄物処理費用は1トンあたり約5万円と高額で、コスト面での改善が求められています。
東京では年間約550万トンの食品廃棄物が発生し、特に新宿区や渋谷区など都心部の飲食業や小売業が大きな割合を占めています。家庭からは約110万トン、事業所からは約440万トンの廃棄物が排出されています。江東区にあるリサイクルプラントでは、食品廃棄物をメタン発酵させてバイオガスを生成し、年間12万トンの廃棄物が処理されています。このバイオガスは区内の公共施設に供給され、再生可能エネルギーとして活用されています。
さらに、セブンイレブンやファミリーマートといった大手コンビニチェーンは、廃棄食品を飼料や肥料として再利用するプロジェクトを展開しており、セブンイレブンは2025年までに80％の再利用率を目指しています。一方、廃棄物処理費用は1トンあたり約5万円と高額で、コスト面での改善が求められています。
Mito City, Ibaraki Prefecture, Hexavalent Chromium Contamination Remediation Measures - December 2021
Mito City, Ibaraki Prefecture, Hexavalent Chromium Contamination Remediation Measures - December 2021
2021, a survey conducted at the site of a former industrial waste treatment facility in Mito City, Ibaraki Prefecture, revealed that the concentration of hexavalent chromium in the groundwater was 10 times higher (0.5 mg/L) than the standard value. This contamination was attributed to improper waste disposal since the 1980s, and there were strong concerns about the health risk to residents.
The city and prefecture secured a total budget of 1.5 billion yen and began a large-scale cleanup project in December 2021. The project included the following detailed measures
1. **Soil excavation**.
- The excavation of contaminated soil covered an area of approximately 1,000 square meters and a depth of 10 meters.
- Approximately 5200 tons of contaminated soil was removed and detoxified at a nearby treatment facility.
2.**Chemical injection**.
- In order to reduce hexavalent chromium in the groundwater to trivalent chromium, iron sulfate (FeSO₄) solution was injected into the ground through 10 injection wells.
- A total of 20 tons of iron sulfate was used, and injection operations were conducted over a period of approximately three months.
3.**Monitoring system installed**.
- Fifteen monitoring wells were installed in the remediation area to monitor the progress of the remediation work.
- Sensors were installed to measure the concentration of hexavalent chromium in the groundwater in real time, and daily data was collected.
**Accomplishments and Current Status**.
In the final report in 2023, it was confirmed that the concentration of hexavalent chromium in the groundwater reached below the standard value (less than 0.05 mg/L). Additional sources of contamination have been identified through post-excavation soil investigation, and further remediation plans are underway. An additional 200 million yen will be budgeted for stabilization of the entire remediation area.
This project is considered an important model case in the groundwater contamination problem faced by Mito as well as other municipalities. In addition, future measures to prevent recontamination require strict monitoring and tighter regulation of illegal waste disposal.
2021, a survey conducted at the site of a former industrial waste treatment facility in Mito City, Ibaraki Prefecture, revealed that the concentration of hexavalent chromium in the groundwater was 10 times higher (0.5 mg/L) than the standard value. This contamination was attributed to improper waste disposal since the 1980s, and there were strong concerns about the health risk to residents.
The city and prefecture secured a total budget of 1.5 billion yen and began a large-scale cleanup project in December 2021. The project included the following detailed measures
1. **Soil excavation**.
- The excavation of contaminated soil covered an area of approximately 1,000 square meters and a depth of 10 meters.
- Approximately 5200 tons of contaminated soil was removed and detoxified at a nearby treatment facility.
2.**Chemical injection**.
- In order to reduce hexavalent chromium in the groundwater to trivalent chromium, iron sulfate (FeSO₄) solution was injected into the ground through 10 injection wells.
- A total of 20 tons of iron sulfate was used, and injection operations were conducted over a period of approximately three months.
3.**Monitoring system installed**.
- Fifteen monitoring wells were installed in the remediation area to monitor the progress of the remediation work.
- Sensors were installed to measure the concentration of hexavalent chromium in the groundwater in real time, and daily data was collected.
**Accomplishments and Current Status**.
In the final report in 2023, it was confirmed that the concentration of hexavalent chromium in the groundwater reached below the standard value (less than 0.05 mg/L). Additional sources of contamination have been identified through post-excavation soil investigation, and further remediation plans are underway. An additional 200 million yen will be budgeted for stabilization of the entire remediation area.
This project is considered an important model case in the groundwater contamination problem faced by Mito as well as other municipalities. In addition, future measures to prevent recontamination require strict monitoring and tighter regulation of illegal waste disposal.
茨城県水戸市・六価クロム汚染浄化対策-2021年12月
茨城県水戸市・六価クロム汚染浄化対策-2021年12月
2021年、茨城県水戸市の工業廃棄物処理施設跡地で実施された調査により、地下水中の六価クロム濃度が基準値の10倍（0.5mg/L）に達していることが判明しました。この汚染は、1980年代からの不適切な廃棄物処理が原因とされており、住民の健康リスクが強く懸念されました。
市と県は総額15億円の予算を確保し、2021年12月から大規模な浄化プロジェクトを開始しました。このプロジェクトでは、以下の詳細な対策が実施されました：
1. **土壌掘削**
- 汚染土壌の掘削範囲は約10000平方メートル、深さ10メートルに及びました。
- 約5200トンの汚染土壌が除去され、近隣の処理施設で無害化処理が行われました。
2. **薬剤注入**
- 地下水中の六価クロムを三価クロムに還元するため、硫酸鉄（FeSO₄）溶液が10箇所の注入井戸を通じて地下へ注入されました。
- 総量20トンの硫酸鉄が使用され、約3カ月間にわたり注入作業が行われました。
3. **モニタリングシステムの設置**
- 浄化作業の進捗を監視するため、浄化エリアに15箇所の観測井戸が新設されました。
- 地下水中の六価クロム濃度をリアルタイムで測定するセンサーが導入され、毎日のデータが収集されました。
**成果と現状**
2023年の最終報告では、地下水中の六価クロム濃度が基準値以下（0.05mg/L未満）に達したことが確認されました。また、掘削後の土壌調査により、追加の汚染源が特定され、さらなる浄化計画が進行中です。浄化範囲全体の安定化には、さらに2億円の予算が追加される予定です。
このプロジェクトは、水戸市だけでなく、他の自治体が直面する地下水汚染問題における重要なモデルケースとされています。加えて、今後の再汚染防止対策として、不法廃棄物処理の厳格な監視と規制強化が求められています。
2021年、茨城県水戸市の工業廃棄物処理施設跡地で実施された調査により、地下水中の六価クロム濃度が基準値の10倍（0.5mg/L）に達していることが判明しました。この汚染は、1980年代からの不適切な廃棄物処理が原因とされており、住民の健康リスクが強く懸念されました。
市と県は総額15億円の予算を確保し、2021年12月から大規模な浄化プロジェクトを開始しました。このプロジェクトでは、以下の詳細な対策が実施されました：
1. **土壌掘削**
- 汚染土壌の掘削範囲は約10000平方メートル、深さ10メートルに及びました。
- 約5200トンの汚染土壌が除去され、近隣の処理施設で無害化処理が行われました。
2. **薬剤注入**
- 地下水中の六価クロムを三価クロムに還元するため、硫酸鉄（FeSO₄）溶液が10箇所の注入井戸を通じて地下へ注入されました。
- 総量20トンの硫酸鉄が使用され、約3カ月間にわたり注入作業が行われました。
3. **モニタリングシステムの設置**
- 浄化作業の進捗を監視するため、浄化エリアに15箇所の観測井戸が新設されました。
- 地下水中の六価クロム濃度をリアルタイムで測定するセンサーが導入され、毎日のデータが収集されました。
**成果と現状**
2023年の最終報告では、地下水中の六価クロム濃度が基準値以下（0.05mg/L未満）に達したことが確認されました。また、掘削後の土壌調査により、追加の汚染源が特定され、さらなる浄化計画が進行中です。浄化範囲全体の安定化には、さらに2億円の予算が追加される予定です。
このプロジェクトは、水戸市だけでなく、他の自治体が直面する地下水汚染問題における重要なモデルケースとされています。加えて、今後の再汚染防止対策として、不法廃棄物処理の厳格な監視と規制強化が求められています。
水の調べに酔いしれて――吉原の名花・玉菊の物語
水の調べに酔いしれて――吉原の名花・玉菊の物語
江戸の夜、提灯の明かりが揺れる吉原の通りを歩けば、三味線の音が遠くから聞こえてくる。その音色に耳を傾けると、そこにはただ艶やかさだけではない、心の奥底に触れるような静けさと深みがあった。そう、それこそが「水の調べ」と称された玉菊の三味線だった。
儚き音の命
1702年、玉菊はこの世に生を受けた。そしてわずか25年、1726年3月29日――彼女はひとつの花のように散った。しかし、その名は今もなお、江戸の吉原文化の中にそっと息づいている。
玉菊は、ただの遊女ではなかった。彼女は芸の道を極め、茶の湯、生け花、俳諧、琴曲、あらゆる技に通じた。だが、何よりもその名を高めたのは三味線の音だった。
ある日、吉原を訪れた文化人が彼女に「心を震わせるような旋律を聴かせてほしい」と頼んだ。玉菊は静かに三味線を構え、風がそよぐように、波がさざめくように、音を紡ぎ始めた。その旋律は、聴く者の心を優しく包み込み、そして、静かに涙を誘った。演奏が終わると、その文化人は袖でそっと目をぬぐい、「これこそが、人の心を震わせる音だ」と深く感嘆したという。
彼女が逝った後、その音を惜しんだ河東節の名手・十寸見蘭洲が「傾城水調子（けいせいみずちょうし）」を作り、彼女の冥福を祈った。それは、彼女の命を写し取ったかのような旋律だった。
酒に濡れた夜
しかし、玉菊は音の才だけではなかった。彼女は吉原随一の酒豪でもあった。杯を交わす場では、誰とでも分け隔てなく語らい、どれほど酌を重ねても、決して乱れることはなかった。
ある晩、吉原の豪商が彼女に酒比べを挑んだ。二人は杯を重ね、やがて商人の顔は赤く染まり、ついにはふらつき始めた。しかし、玉菊は変わらぬ微笑をたたえたまま、静かに盃を傾け続けた。そして豪商がついに力尽きると、彼女は軽く盃を置き、冗談めかして言った。
「私はまだ半分も飲んでおりませんよ」
その逸話が広まり、「玉菊に酒を挑むな」という言葉が吉原に生まれた。しかし、皮肉なことに、彼女自身はその酒に命を削られ、やがて静かにこの世を去った。
灯火の下で
彼女の死は、吉原の人々に深い衝撃を与えた。その新盆には、茶屋や妓楼の軒先に無数の灯籠が掲げられ、夜の吉原は柔らかな光に包まれた。その光景は「玉菊燈籠（たまぎくとうろう）」と呼ばれ、やがて吉原三景のひとつとして語り継がれるようになった。
遊女の死後にこれほどの供養が行われることは、決して普通ではない。それほどまでに、玉菊は愛されていた。
叶わぬ恋の行方
彼女を身請けしようとする者は後を絶たなかった。その中でも、ある武士は幾度となく迎え入れようとした。
「共に生きよう」
そう囁くたびに、玉菊はただ静かに微笑み、首を振った。
「私は吉原を出ることはできません」
やがて武士は訪れなくなり、彼女が逝った後、「もう二度と会えぬのならば、行く意味はない」と呟いたという。
江戸の風に残る名
玉菊の名は、吉原という浮世の中で咲き、そして儚く散った。だが、彼女の音は、今もなお風に乗り、江戸の夜に響いているのかもしれない。
灯籠の揺らめく夜、誰かがふと三味線の音を聴くとき、その旋律の奥に、彼女の面影がそっと滲んでいることだろう。
江戸の夜、提灯の明かりが揺れる吉原の通りを歩けば、三味線の音が遠くから聞こえてくる。その音色に耳を傾けると、そこにはただ艶やかさだけではない、心の奥底に触れるような静けさと深みがあった。そう、それこそが「水の調べ」と称された玉菊の三味線だった。
儚き音の命
1702年、玉菊はこの世に生を受けた。そしてわずか25年、1726年3月29日――彼女はひとつの花のように散った。しかし、その名は今もなお、江戸の吉原文化の中にそっと息づいている。
玉菊は、ただの遊女ではなかった。彼女は芸の道を極め、茶の湯、生け花、俳諧、琴曲、あらゆる技に通じた。だが、何よりもその名を高めたのは三味線の音だった。
ある日、吉原を訪れた文化人が彼女に「心を震わせるような旋律を聴かせてほしい」と頼んだ。玉菊は静かに三味線を構え、風がそよぐように、波がさざめくように、音を紡ぎ始めた。その旋律は、聴く者の心を優しく包み込み、そして、静かに涙を誘った。演奏が終わると、その文化人は袖でそっと目をぬぐい、「これこそが、人の心を震わせる音だ」と深く感嘆したという。
彼女が逝った後、その音を惜しんだ河東節の名手・十寸見蘭洲が「傾城水調子（けいせいみずちょうし）」を作り、彼女の冥福を祈った。それは、彼女の命を写し取ったかのような旋律だった。
酒に濡れた夜
しかし、玉菊は音の才だけではなかった。彼女は吉原随一の酒豪でもあった。杯を交わす場では、誰とでも分け隔てなく語らい、どれほど酌を重ねても、決して乱れることはなかった。
ある晩、吉原の豪商が彼女に酒比べを挑んだ。二人は杯を重ね、やがて商人の顔は赤く染まり、ついにはふらつき始めた。しかし、玉菊は変わらぬ微笑をたたえたまま、静かに盃を傾け続けた。そして豪商がついに力尽きると、彼女は軽く盃を置き、冗談めかして言った。
「私はまだ半分も飲んでおりませんよ」
その逸話が広まり、「玉菊に酒を挑むな」という言葉が吉原に生まれた。しかし、皮肉なことに、彼女自身はその酒に命を削られ、やがて静かにこの世を去った。
灯火の下で
彼女の死は、吉原の人々に深い衝撃を与えた。その新盆には、茶屋や妓楼の軒先に無数の灯籠が掲げられ、夜の吉原は柔らかな光に包まれた。その光景は「玉菊燈籠（たまぎくとうろう）」と呼ばれ、やがて吉原三景のひとつとして語り継がれるようになった。
遊女の死後にこれほどの供養が行われることは、決して普通ではない。それほどまでに、玉菊は愛されていた。
叶わぬ恋の行方
彼女を身請けしようとする者は後を絶たなかった。その中でも、ある武士は幾度となく迎え入れようとした。
「共に生きよう」
そう囁くたびに、玉菊はただ静かに微笑み、首を振った。
「私は吉原を出ることはできません」
やがて武士は訪れなくなり、彼女が逝った後、「もう二度と会えぬのならば、行く意味はない」と呟いたという。
江戸の風に残る名
玉菊の名は、吉原という浮世の中で咲き、そして儚く散った。だが、彼女の音は、今もなお風に乗り、江戸の夜に響いているのかもしれない。
灯籠の揺らめく夜、誰かがふと三味線の音を聴くとき、その旋律の奥に、彼女の面影がそっと滲んでいることだろう。
Intoxicated by the Sound of Water -- The Story of Tamagiku, the Famous Flower of Yoshiwara
Intoxicated by the Sound of Water -- The Story of Tamagiku, the Famous Flower of Yoshiwara
Walking along the streets of Yoshiwara on an Edo night, with the lights of the lanterns flickering, you can hear the distant sound of the shamisen (three-stringed Japanese banjo). Listening to the sound of the shamisen, I found not only a glamorous sound, but also a quietness and depth that touched the depths of my heart. Yes, this was Tamagiku's shamisen, which was called "the music of the water.
The fleeting life of sound
In 1702, Tamagiku was born into this world. And only 25 years later, on March 29, 1726--she scattered like a single flower. However, her name still quietly lives on in the Yoshiwara culture of Edo.
Tamagiku was not just a prostitute. She was a master of all the arts: tea ceremony, ikebana, haikai, and koto music. But it was the sound of her shamisen that made her famous above all else.
One day, a cultural figure visiting Yoshiwara asked her to play a melody that would move his heart. Tamagiku quietly set up her shamisen and began to weave the sound as if the wind were rustling or the waves were rippling. The melody gently enveloped the listener's heart and quietly brought tears to his eyes. When the performance was over, the cultural figure gently wiped his eyes with his sleeve and said in deep admiration, "This is the sound that moves people's hearts.
After she passed away, Ranzu Jusunmi, a master of the Kato-bushi style, who missed her sound, composed "Keisei mizuchoshi" and prayed for her repose. It was a melody that seemed to copy her life.
A Night Wet with Sake
Tamagiku, however, had more than just a talent for sound. She was also the best drinker in Yoshiwara. She never lost her temper, no matter how much she drank.
One night, a wealthy merchant in Yoshiwara challenged her to a sake competition. They drank more and more, and eventually the merchant's face turned red and he began to waver. But Tamagiku continued to drink quietly, her smile still on her face. When the wealthy merchant finally ran out of strength, she lightly set down her cup and jokingly said, "I will drink with you again.
I haven't even drunk half of it yet.
The anecdote spread, and the phrase "Don't challenge Tamagiku to a drink" was born in Yoshiwara. Ironically, however, she herself was drained of her life by the sake, and eventually passed away quietly.
Under the Lights
Her death deeply shocked the people of Yoshiwara. During the New Bon Festival, countless lanterns were hung in front of the eaves of teahouses and brothels, and Yoshiwara was enveloped in soft light at night. The scene was called "Tamagiku Touro," and eventually came to be passed down as one of the three most beautiful sights in Yoshiwara.
It is not common for such a memorial service to be held after the death of a prostitute. Tamagiku was loved to such an extent.
Unfulfilled Love
There was no end to the number of people who tried to take her in. Among them, a certain samurai tried many times.
Let us live together."
Whenever he whispered this, Tamagiku simply smiled quietly and shook her head.
I cannot leave Yoshiwara."
Eventually the samurai stopped visiting, and after she passed away, he muttered, "If I never see you again, there is no point in going.
A Name Remaining in the Winds of Edo
Tamagiku's name bloomed and fleetingly scattered in the floating world of Yoshiwara. However, her sound may still ride the wind and echo in the Edo night.
When someone listens to the sound of the shamisen on a night of flickering lanterns, her image will be softly blurred in the depths of its melody.
Walking along the streets of Yoshiwara on an Edo night, with the lights of the lanterns flickering, you can hear the distant sound of the shamisen (three-stringed Japanese banjo). Listening to the sound of the shamisen, I found not only a glamorous sound, but also a quietness and depth that touched the depths of my heart. Yes, this was Tamagiku's shamisen, which was called "the music of the water.
The fleeting life of sound
In 1702, Tamagiku was born into this world. And only 25 years later, on March 29, 1726--she scattered like a single flower. However, her name still quietly lives on in the Yoshiwara culture of Edo.
Tamagiku was not just a prostitute. She was a master of all the arts: tea ceremony, ikebana, haikai, and koto music. But it was the sound of her shamisen that made her famous above all else.
One day, a cultural figure visiting Yoshiwara asked her to play a melody that would move his heart. Tamagiku quietly set up her shamisen and began to weave the sound as if the wind were rustling or the waves were rippling. The melody gently enveloped the listener's heart and quietly brought tears to his eyes. When the performance was over, the cultural figure gently wiped his eyes with his sleeve and said in deep admiration, "This is the sound that moves people's hearts.
After she passed away, Ranzu Jusunmi, a master of the Kato-bushi style, who missed her sound, composed "Keisei mizuchoshi" and prayed for her repose. It was a melody that seemed to copy her life.
A Night Wet with Sake
Tamagiku, however, had more than just a talent for sound. She was also the best drinker in Yoshiwara. She never lost her temper, no matter how much she drank.
One night, a wealthy merchant in Yoshiwara challenged her to a sake competition. They drank more and more, and eventually the merchant's face turned red and he began to waver. But Tamagiku continued to drink quietly, her smile still on her face. When the wealthy merchant finally ran out of strength, she lightly set down her cup and jokingly said, "I will drink with you again.
I haven't even drunk half of it yet.
The anecdote spread, and the phrase "Don't challenge Tamagiku to a drink" was born in Yoshiwara. Ironically, however, she herself was drained of her life by the sake, and eventually passed away quietly.
Under the Lights
Her death deeply shocked the people of Yoshiwara. During the New Bon Festival, countless lanterns were hung in front of the eaves of teahouses and brothels, and Yoshiwara was enveloped in soft light at night. The scene was called "Tamagiku Touro," and eventually came to be passed down as one of the three most beautiful sights in Yoshiwara.
It is not common for such a memorial service to be held after the death of a prostitute. Tamagiku was loved to such an extent.
Unfulfilled Love
There was no end to the number of people who tried to take her in. Among them, a certain samurai tried many times.
Let us live together."
Whenever he whispered this, Tamagiku simply smiled quietly and shook her head.
I cannot leave Yoshiwara."
Eventually the samurai stopped visiting, and after she passed away, he muttered, "If I never see you again, there is no point in going.
A Name Remaining in the Winds of Edo
Tamagiku's name bloomed and fleetingly scattered in the floating world of Yoshiwara. However, her sound may still ride the wind and echo in the Edo night.
When someone listens to the sound of the shamisen on a night of flickering lanterns, her image will be softly blurred in the depths of its melody.
水の調べに酔いしれて――吉原の名花・玉菊の物語
水の調べに酔いしれて――吉原の名花・玉菊の物語
江戸の夜、提灯の明かりが揺れる吉原の通りを歩けば、三味線の音が遠くから聞こえてくる。その音色に耳を傾けると、そこにはただ艶やかさだけではない、心の奥底に触れるような静けさと深みがあった。そう、それこそが「水の調べ」と称された玉菊の三味線だった。
儚き音の命
1702年、玉菊はこの世に生を受けた。そしてわずか25年、1726年3月29日――彼女はひとつの花のように散った。しかし、その名は今もなお、江戸の吉原文化の中にそっと息づいている。
玉菊は、ただの遊女ではなかった。彼女は芸の道を極め、茶の湯、生け花、俳諧、琴曲、あらゆる技に通じた。だが、何よりもその名を高めたのは三味線の音だった。
ある日、吉原を訪れた文化人が彼女に「心を震わせるような旋律を聴かせてほしい」と頼んだ。玉菊は静かに三味線を構え、風がそよぐように、波がさざめくように、音を紡ぎ始めた。その旋律は、聴く者の心を優しく包み込み、そして、静かに涙を誘った。演奏が終わると、その文化人は袖でそっと目をぬぐい、「これこそが、人の心を震わせる音だ」と深く感嘆したという。
彼女が逝った後、その音を惜しんだ河東節の名手・十寸見蘭洲が「傾城水調子（けいせいみずちょうし）」を作り、彼女の冥福を祈った。それは、彼女の命を写し取ったかのような旋律だった。
酒に濡れた夜
しかし、玉菊は音の才だけではなかった。彼女は吉原随一の酒豪でもあった。杯を交わす場では、誰とでも分け隔てなく語らい、どれほど酌を重ねても、決して乱れることはなかった。
ある晩、吉原の豪商が彼女に酒比べを挑んだ。二人は杯を重ね、やがて商人の顔は赤く染まり、ついにはふらつき始めた。しかし、玉菊は変わらぬ微笑をたたえたまま、静かに盃を傾け続けた。そして豪商がついに力尽きると、彼女は軽く盃を置き、冗談めかして言った。
「私はまだ半分も飲んでおりませんよ」
その逸話が広まり、「玉菊に酒を挑むな」という言葉が吉原に生まれた。しかし、皮肉なことに、彼女自身はその酒に命を削られ、やがて静かにこの世を去った。
灯火の下で
彼女の死は、吉原の人々に深い衝撃を与えた。その新盆には、茶屋や妓楼の軒先に無数の灯籠が掲げられ、夜の吉原は柔らかな光に包まれた。その光景は「玉菊燈籠（たまぎくとうろう）」と呼ばれ、やがて吉原三景のひとつとして語り継がれるようになった。
遊女の死後にこれほどの供養が行われることは、決して普通ではない。それほどまでに、玉菊は愛されていた。
叶わぬ恋の行方
彼女を身請けしようとする者は後を絶たなかった。その中でも、ある武士は幾度となく迎え入れようとした。
「共に生きよう」
そう囁くたびに、玉菊はただ静かに微笑み、首を振った。
「私は吉原を出ることはできません」
やがて武士は訪れなくなり、彼女が逝った後、「もう二度と会えぬのならば、行く意味はない」と呟いたという。
江戸の風に残る名
玉菊の名は、吉原という浮世の中で咲き、そして儚く散った。だが、彼女の音は、今もなお風に乗り、江戸の夜に響いているのかもしれない。
灯籠の揺らめく夜、誰かがふと三味線の音を聴くとき、その旋律の奥に、彼女の面影がそっと滲んでいることだろう。
江戸の夜、提灯の明かりが揺れる吉原の通りを歩けば、三味線の音が遠くから聞こえてくる。その音色に耳を傾けると、そこにはただ艶やかさだけではない、心の奥底に触れるような静けさと深みがあった。そう、それこそが「水の調べ」と称された玉菊の三味線だった。
儚き音の命
1702年、玉菊はこの世に生を受けた。そしてわずか25年、1726年3月29日――彼女はひとつの花のように散った。しかし、その名は今もなお、江戸の吉原文化の中にそっと息づいている。
玉菊は、ただの遊女ではなかった。彼女は芸の道を極め、茶の湯、生け花、俳諧、琴曲、あらゆる技に通じた。だが、何よりもその名を高めたのは三味線の音だった。
ある日、吉原を訪れた文化人が彼女に「心を震わせるような旋律を聴かせてほしい」と頼んだ。玉菊は静かに三味線を構え、風がそよぐように、波がさざめくように、音を紡ぎ始めた。その旋律は、聴く者の心を優しく包み込み、そして、静かに涙を誘った。演奏が終わると、その文化人は袖でそっと目をぬぐい、「これこそが、人の心を震わせる音だ」と深く感嘆したという。
彼女が逝った後、その音を惜しんだ河東節の名手・十寸見蘭洲が「傾城水調子（けいせいみずちょうし）」を作り、彼女の冥福を祈った。それは、彼女の命を写し取ったかのような旋律だった。
酒に濡れた夜
しかし、玉菊は音の才だけではなかった。彼女は吉原随一の酒豪でもあった。杯を交わす場では、誰とでも分け隔てなく語らい、どれほど酌を重ねても、決して乱れることはなかった。
ある晩、吉原の豪商が彼女に酒比べを挑んだ。二人は杯を重ね、やがて商人の顔は赤く染まり、ついにはふらつき始めた。しかし、玉菊は変わらぬ微笑をたたえたまま、静かに盃を傾け続けた。そして豪商がついに力尽きると、彼女は軽く盃を置き、冗談めかして言った。
「私はまだ半分も飲んでおりませんよ」
その逸話が広まり、「玉菊に酒を挑むな」という言葉が吉原に生まれた。しかし、皮肉なことに、彼女自身はその酒に命を削られ、やがて静かにこの世を去った。
灯火の下で
彼女の死は、吉原の人々に深い衝撃を与えた。その新盆には、茶屋や妓楼の軒先に無数の灯籠が掲げられ、夜の吉原は柔らかな光に包まれた。その光景は「玉菊燈籠（たまぎくとうろう）」と呼ばれ、やがて吉原三景のひとつとして語り継がれるようになった。
遊女の死後にこれほどの供養が行われることは、決して普通ではない。それほどまでに、玉菊は愛されていた。
叶わぬ恋の行方
彼女を身請けしようとする者は後を絶たなかった。その中でも、ある武士は幾度となく迎え入れようとした。
「共に生きよう」
そう囁くたびに、玉菊はただ静かに微笑み、首を振った。
「私は吉原を出ることはできません」
やがて武士は訪れなくなり、彼女が逝った後、「もう二度と会えぬのならば、行く意味はない」と呟いたという。
江戸の風に残る名
玉菊の名は、吉原という浮世の中で咲き、そして儚く散った。だが、彼女の音は、今もなお風に乗り、江戸の夜に響いているのかもしれない。
灯籠の揺らめく夜、誰かがふと三味線の音を聴くとき、その旋律の奥に、彼女の面影がそっと滲んでいることだろう。
雪国の挑戦：東頸城農業特区の軌跡 - 2003年12月
雪国の挑戦：東頸城農業特区の軌跡 - 2003年12月
東頸城農業特区の成立（2003年）
新潟県の東頸城地域（旧安塚町を含む）は、2003年に「東頸城農業特区」として認定された。これは、全国で初めて株式会社による農業参入を認める試みであり、地域農業の振興と経済活性化を目的としたものであった。当時、農業従事者の高齢化や後継者不足が深刻化しており、新たな担い手として企業の関与を促すことが特区設立の背景にあった。
特区の認定により、農地のリースを通じた企業の農業参入が可能となり、農業経営の効率化が進められた。加えて、地域資源を活かした6次産業化や、農業と観光を結びつけた「グリーンツーリズム」の推進も視野に入れられた。安塚町（現・上越市安塚区）では、豪雪地帯という自然条件を逆手に取り、「雪の宅配便」や「田舎売ります」などのユニークな事業が展開され、全国的な注目を集めた。
農業特区の変遷（2010年代）
特区制度の導入後、東頸城地域では法人化を進める動きが加速した。2010年代には農業法人の数が増え、小規模農家の統合や集約化が進んだ。しかし、農業従事者の減少が依然として課題となり、新たな担い手の確保が求められた。この時期、新潟県全体で農業法人の設立が進み、地域経済との結びつきを強める試みが行われた。
また、新潟市が2014年に国家戦略特区に指定され、農業分野のさらなる規制改革が進められた。これにより、企業による農地所有の解禁や、新たなビジネスモデルの開発が奨励された。これらの政策は、東頸城地域においても農業法人の活動を支援するものとなった。
2020年代の現状と課題
2020年の農林業センサスによると、新潟県の農業経営体数は43502経営体で全国第2位、法人経営体は1218経営体で全国第3位を記録した。認定農業者数は12490経営体で、うち法人は1165法人であった。これにより、農業法人の増加が明確になったものの、農業従事者の高齢化が進行し、後継者不足が依然として深刻な課題となっている。
東頸城地域では、農地の集積が進み、5ヘクタール未満の小規模農家と30ヘクタール以上の大規模農家の二極化が顕著となった。農業法人の多くは6次産業化に取り組み、地元産品の加工や直売所の運営を通じて、地域経済の活性化を図っている。一方で、ICT技術を活用したスマート農業の導入も進められ、省力化と生産性向上のための試みが始まっている。
関連情報
農業法人の現状（2020年）
農業経営体数：43502経営体（全国2位）
法人経営体数：1218経営体（全国3位）
認定農業者数：12490経営体（全国2位）
法人認定農業者数：1165法人（全国3位）
新潟市の国家戦略特区（2014年～）
企業による農地所有の解禁
農業関連ビジネスの促進
新規就農者への支援拡充
東頸城地域の課題と展望
高齢化と後継者不足：外部人材の受け入れや地域おこし協力隊の活用が求められる
スマート農業の導入：生産性向上のためのICT技術の活用が進行中
結論
東頸城農業特区は、日本の農業改革の先駆けとして、法人化や規制緩和を活用し、地域農業の発展に寄与してきた。2020年代に入り、農業法人の増加やスマート農業の導入が進む一方で、高齢化や後継者不足といった課題が残されている。今後は、地域資源を活かした農業経営の多様化と、持続可能な農業の構築が求められている。
東頸城農業特区の成立（2003年）
新潟県の東頸城地域（旧安塚町を含む）は、2003年に「東頸城農業特区」として認定された。これは、全国で初めて株式会社による農業参入を認める試みであり、地域農業の振興と経済活性化を目的としたものであった。当時、農業従事者の高齢化や後継者不足が深刻化しており、新たな担い手として企業の関与を促すことが特区設立の背景にあった。
特区の認定により、農地のリースを通じた企業の農業参入が可能となり、農業経営の効率化が進められた。加えて、地域資源を活かした6次産業化や、農業と観光を結びつけた「グリーンツーリズム」の推進も視野に入れられた。安塚町（現・上越市安塚区）では、豪雪地帯という自然条件を逆手に取り、「雪の宅配便」や「田舎売ります」などのユニークな事業が展開され、全国的な注目を集めた。
農業特区の変遷（2010年代）
特区制度の導入後、東頸城地域では法人化を進める動きが加速した。2010年代には農業法人の数が増え、小規模農家の統合や集約化が進んだ。しかし、農業従事者の減少が依然として課題となり、新たな担い手の確保が求められた。この時期、新潟県全体で農業法人の設立が進み、地域経済との結びつきを強める試みが行われた。
また、新潟市が2014年に国家戦略特区に指定され、農業分野のさらなる規制改革が進められた。これにより、企業による農地所有の解禁や、新たなビジネスモデルの開発が奨励された。これらの政策は、東頸城地域においても農業法人の活動を支援するものとなった。
2020年代の現状と課題
2020年の農林業センサスによると、新潟県の農業経営体数は43502経営体で全国第2位、法人経営体は1218経営体で全国第3位を記録した。認定農業者数は12490経営体で、うち法人は1165法人であった。これにより、農業法人の増加が明確になったものの、農業従事者の高齢化が進行し、後継者不足が依然として深刻な課題となっている。
東頸城地域では、農地の集積が進み、5ヘクタール未満の小規模農家と30ヘクタール以上の大規模農家の二極化が顕著となった。農業法人の多くは6次産業化に取り組み、地元産品の加工や直売所の運営を通じて、地域経済の活性化を図っている。一方で、ICT技術を活用したスマート農業の導入も進められ、省力化と生産性向上のための試みが始まっている。
関連情報
農業法人の現状（2020年）
農業経営体数：43502経営体（全国2位）
法人経営体数：1218経営体（全国3位）
認定農業者数：12490経営体（全国2位）
法人認定農業者数：1165法人（全国3位）
新潟市の国家戦略特区（2014年～）
企業による農地所有の解禁
農業関連ビジネスの促進
新規就農者への支援拡充
東頸城地域の課題と展望
高齢化と後継者不足：外部人材の受け入れや地域おこし協力隊の活用が求められる
スマート農業の導入：生産性向上のためのICT技術の活用が進行中
結論
東頸城農業特区は、日本の農業改革の先駆けとして、法人化や規制緩和を活用し、地域農業の発展に寄与してきた。2020年代に入り、農業法人の増加やスマート農業の導入が進む一方で、高齢化や後継者不足といった課題が残されている。今後は、地域資源を活かした農業経営の多様化と、持続可能な農業の構築が求められている。
The Challenge of Snow Country: The Track Record of Higashikubiki Agricultural Special Zone - December 2003
The Challenge of Snow Country: The Track Record of Higashikubiki Agricultural Special Zone - December 2003
Establishment of the Higashi-Kubiki Agricultural Special Zone (2003)
In 2003, the Higashi-Kubiki region of Niigata Prefecture (including the former Azuka Town) was designated as a "Higashi-Kubiki Agricultural Special Zone. This was the first attempt in Japan to allow joint-stock companies to participate in agriculture, with the aim of promoting local agriculture and revitalizing the economy. At the time, the aging of farmers and the shortage of successors were becoming serious, and the establishment of the special zone was intended to encourage the involvement of corporations to take on new responsibilities.
The approval of the special zone made it possible for companies to enter the agricultural industry through the leasing of farmland, thereby promoting more efficient agricultural management. In addition, the zone was also designed to promote "green tourism," which combines agriculture and tourism, as well as sixth industrialization utilizing local resources. In the town of Azuka (now Azuka-ku, Joetsu City), unique businesses such as "Snow Delivery Service" and "Countryside for Sale" were developed to take advantage of the natural conditions of the area's heavy snowfall, attracting nationwide attention.
Changes in Special Agricultural Zones (2010s)
After the introduction of the special zone system, the Higashi-Kubiki region saw an accelerated trend toward incorporation, with the number of agricultural corporations increasing in the 2010s, and the integration and consolidation of small-scale farmers progressing. However, the number of farmers continued to decline, and there was a need to secure new farmers to take on new responsibilities. During this period, agricultural corporations were established throughout Niigata Prefecture in an attempt to strengthen ties with the local economy.
In addition, Niigata City was designated as a National Strategic Special Zone in 2014, promoting further regulatory reform in the agricultural sector. This lifted the ban on corporate ownership of farmland and encouraged the development of new business models. These policies also supported the activities of agricultural corporations in the Higashi-Kubiki region.
Current Status and Challenges in the 2020s
According to the 2020 Census of Agriculture and Forestry, Niigata Prefecture recorded the second largest number of agricultural enterprises in Japan with 43502, and the third largest number of corporate enterprises in Japan with 1218. The number of certified farmers was 12,490, of which 1,165 were corporations. Although this clearly shows the increase in the number of agricultural corporations, the aging of farmers and the lack of successors remains a serious issue.
In the Higashi-Kubiki region, the concentration of farmland has progressed, and a polarization between small-scale farmers with less than 5 hectares and large-scale farmers with more than 30 hectares has become evident. Many of the agricultural corporations are engaged in 6th industrialization and are trying to revitalize the local economy through processing of local products and operation of direct sales centers. At the same time, smart farming utilizing ICT technology is being introduced, and attempts to save labor and improve productivity have begun.
Related Information
Current Status of Agricultural Corporations (2020)
Number of agricultural corporations: 43502 (2nd in Japan)
Number of incorporated farming corporations: 1218 (3rd in Japan)
Number of certified farmers: 124990 (2nd in Japan)
Number of certified farmers: 1165 (3rd in Japan)
Niigata City's National Strategic Special Zones (2014-)
Lifting of the ban on farmland ownership by corporations
Promotion of agriculture-related businesses
Expansion of support for new farmers
Challenges and Prospects for the Higashi-Kubiki Region
Aging population and lack of successors: Acceptance of outside human resources and utilization of regional development cooperation teams are required
Introduction of smart agriculture: ICT technology is being used to improve productivity
Conclusion
As a pioneer in agricultural reform in Japan, the Higashi-Kubiki Agricultural Special Zone has contributed to the development of regional agriculture by utilizing incorporation and deregulation. in the 2020s, while the number of agricultural corporations and the introduction of smart agriculture are increasing, challenges remain, such as the aging of the population and lack of successors. Going forward, there is a need to diversify agricultural management and build sustainable agriculture that takes advantage of local resources.
Establishment of the Higashi-Kubiki Agricultural Special Zone (2003)
In 2003, the Higashi-Kubiki region of Niigata Prefecture (including the former Azuka Town) was designated as a "Higashi-Kubiki Agricultural Special Zone. This was the first attempt in Japan to allow joint-stock companies to participate in agriculture, with the aim of promoting local agriculture and revitalizing the economy. At the time, the aging of farmers and the shortage of successors were becoming serious, and the establishment of the special zone was intended to encourage the involvement of corporations to take on new responsibilities.
The approval of the special zone made it possible for companies to enter the agricultural industry through the leasing of farmland, thereby promoting more efficient agricultural management. In addition, the zone was also designed to promote "green tourism," which combines agriculture and tourism, as well as sixth industrialization utilizing local resources. In the town of Azuka (now Azuka-ku, Joetsu City), unique businesses such as "Snow Delivery Service" and "Countryside for Sale" were developed to take advantage of the natural conditions of the area's heavy snowfall, attracting nationwide attention.
Changes in Special Agricultural Zones (2010s)
After the introduction of the special zone system, the Higashi-Kubiki region saw an accelerated trend toward incorporation, with the number of agricultural corporations increasing in the 2010s, and the integration and consolidation of small-scale farmers progressing. However, the number of farmers continued to decline, and there was a need to secure new farmers to take on new responsibilities. During this period, agricultural corporations were established throughout Niigata Prefecture in an attempt to strengthen ties with the local economy.
In addition, Niigata City was designated as a National Strategic Special Zone in 2014, promoting further regulatory reform in the agricultural sector. This lifted the ban on corporate ownership of farmland and encouraged the development of new business models. These policies also supported the activities of agricultural corporations in the Higashi-Kubiki region.
Current Status and Challenges in the 2020s
According to the 2020 Census of Agriculture and Forestry, Niigata Prefecture recorded the second largest number of agricultural enterprises in Japan with 43502, and the third largest number of corporate enterprises in Japan with 1218. The number of certified farmers was 12,490, of which 1,165 were corporations. Although this clearly shows the increase in the number of agricultural corporations, the aging of farmers and the lack of successors remains a serious issue.
In the Higashi-Kubiki region, the concentration of farmland has progressed, and a polarization between small-scale farmers with less than 5 hectares and large-scale farmers with more than 30 hectares has become evident. Many of the agricultural corporations are engaged in 6th industrialization and are trying to revitalize the local economy through processing of local products and operation of direct sales centers. At the same time, smart farming utilizing ICT technology is being introduced, and attempts to save labor and improve productivity have begun.
Related Information
Current Status of Agricultural Corporations (2020)
Number of agricultural corporations: 43502 (2nd in Japan)
Number of incorporated farming corporations: 1218 (3rd in Japan)
Number of certified farmers: 124990 (2nd in Japan)
Number of certified farmers: 1165 (3rd in Japan)
Niigata City's National Strategic Special Zones (2014-)
Lifting of the ban on farmland ownership by corporations
Promotion of agriculture-related businesses
Expansion of support for new farmers
Challenges and Prospects for the Higashi-Kubiki Region
Aging population and lack of successors: Acceptance of outside human resources and utilization of regional development cooperation teams are required
Introduction of smart agriculture: ICT technology is being used to improve productivity
Conclusion
As a pioneer in agricultural reform in Japan, the Higashi-Kubiki Agricultural Special Zone has contributed to the development of regional agriculture by utilizing incorporation and deregulation. in the 2020s, while the number of agricultural corporations and the introduction of smart agriculture are increasing, challenges remain, such as the aging of the population and lack of successors. Going forward, there is a need to diversify agricultural management and build sustainable agriculture that takes advantage of local resources.
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