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Winds Blowing Through the City of Rubble: 1945–1971 The war left vast amounts of rubble in the city, and Tokyo during its reconstruction period faced mountains of waste unlike anything it had ever experienced before. Wood, tiles, and metal fragments from burned-down houses piled up on the streets, and urban rebuilding began with no clear plan for their disposal. As populations returned and economic activity resumed, daily household waste also surged, creating a double burden of overlapping rubble and domestic refuse. Insufficient collection systems and incineration facilities led to widespread dumping and open stockpiling, causing foul odors and pest infestations that plunged public health into crisis. As a countermeasure, landfill disposal in Tokyo Bay progressed, and environmental problems surfaced at Yumenoshima due to the landfill of untreated raw garbage. These bitter experiences led to the development of the Sanitation Law and the enactment of the Waste Disposal and P
ublic Cleansing Law, reorganizing urban waste administration. The war thus became an opportunity to reexamine not only the rubble itself, but the very nature of urban material cycles and environmental policy.