=?UTF-8?B?RnJvbSB0aGUgU3Rlcm4gUmV2aWV3IHRvIHRoZSBQYXJpcyBBZ3JlZW1lbnTigJRXZWF2aW5nIHRoZSBGdXR1cmU6IFRoZSBDaGFsbGVuZ2Ugb2YgQ2xpbWF0ZSBDaGFuZ2XigJRUaGUgUGF0aCBmcm9tIDIwMDcgdG8gdGhlIDIwMjBzIEluIDIwMDcsIHRoZSBTdGVybiBSZXZpZXcsIGEgcmVwb3J0IGJ5IEJyaXRpc2ggZWNvbm9taXN0IE5pY2hvbGFzIFN0ZXJuLCB2aXZpZGx5IGlsbHVzdHJhdGVkIHRoZSBlY29ub21pYyBpbXBhY3RzIG9mIGNsaW1hdGUgY2hhbmdlLiBUaGlzIHJlcG9ydCBzb3VuZGVkIHRoZSBhbGFybSwgc3RhdGluZyB0aGF0IGVhcmx5IGdyZWVuaG91c2UgZ2FzIHJlZHVjdGlvbnMgY291bGQgY29zdCBhcm91bmQgMSUgb2YgR0RQLCB3aGlsZSBpbmFjdGlvbiBjb3VsZCBsZWFkIHRvIGxvc3NlcyBvZiB1cCB0byAyMCUuIEl0IHJlY29tbWVuZGVkIHByb21vdGluZyByZW5ld2FibGUgZW5lcmd5IGFuZCBlc3RhYmxpc2hpbmcgY2FyYm9uIHRyYWRpbmcgbWFya2V0cywgc3VnZ2VzdGluZyBpbnRlcm5hdGlvbmFsIGNvb3BlcmF0aW9uIHdhcyBrZXkgdG8gY2xpbWF0ZSBwb2xpY3kuIFRoZSAyMDEwcyBzYXcgYSBtYWpvciB0dXJuaW5nIHBvaW50IHdpdGggdGhlIGFkb3B0aW9uIG9mIHRoZSBQYXJpcyBBZ3JlZW1lbnQgKDIwMTUpLiBUaGlzIGFncmVlbWVudCBzZXQgdGhlIGdvYWwgb2YgbGltaXRpbmcgZ2xvYmFsIHdhcm1pbmcgdG8gYmVsb3cgMsKwQywgYW5kIGl 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 ZWNvbnN0cnVjdGlvbiBlZmZvcnRzIGluIEZ1a3VzaGltYSBQcmVmZWN0dXJlLiBBbW9uZyBjb21wYW5pZXMsIFRveW90YSBNb3RvciBDb3Jwb3JhdGlvbiBpcyBwcm9tb3RpbmcgaHlkcm9nZW4gZnVlbCBjZWxsIHZlaGljbGVzIHV0aWxpemluZyAiZ3JlZW4gaHlkcm9nZW4sIiBhbmQgTmlwcG9uIFN0ZWVsIGlzIGFpbWluZyB0byByZWR1Y2UgQ08yIGVtaXNzaW9ucyB0aHJvdWdoIGNhcmJvbiBjYXB0dXJlIGFuZCBzdG9yYWdlIChDQ1MpIHRlY2hub2xvZ3kgaW4gS2FzaGltYSBDaXR5Lg==?=

From the Stern Review to the Paris Agreement—Weaving the Future: The Challenge of Climate Change—The Path from 2007 to the 2020s In 2007, the Stern Review, a report by British economist Nicholas Stern, vividly illustrated the economic impacts of climate change. This report sounded the alarm, stating that early greenhouse gas reductions could cost around 1% of GDP, while inaction could lead to losses of up to 20%. It recommended promoting renewable energy and establishing carbon trading markets, suggesting international cooperation was key to climate policy. The 2010s saw a major turning point with the adoption of the Paris Agreement (2015). This agreement set the goal of limiting global warming to below 2°C, and ideally below 1.5°C, compared to pre-industrial levels. The IPCC's 2018 Special Report on Global Warming of 1.5°C stated that CO2 emissions must be reduced by 45% by 2030 and reach net-zero by 2050. In Japan, the Feed-in Tariff (FIT) system introduced in 2012 a
ccelerated the spread of solar power generation, and the 2011 Fukushima Daiichi nuclear accident prompted a restructuring of energy policy. In the 2020s, the IPCC Sixth Assessment Report (2021) pointed out that a 43% reduction by 2030 is necessary to keep the temperature rise within 1.5°C. Tokyo is promoting its "Zero Emission Tokyo Strategy," offshore wind power generation is operational in Wakkanai City, Hokkaido, and the "Fukushima Green High-Tech Project" is central to reconstruction efforts in Fukushima Prefecture. Among companies, Toyota Motor Corporation is promoting hydrogen fuel cell vehicles utilizing "green hydrogen," and Nippon Steel is aiming to reduce CO2 emissions through carbon capture and storage (CCS) technology in Kashima City.

In this way, international movements from the Stern Review to the Paris Agreement and the Special Report on Global Warming of 1.5°C have shaped the history of climate change response and laid the foundation for building a sustainable future. Sources - Stern Review (2007) - Paris Agreement (2015) - IPCC Special Report on Global Warming of 1.5°C (2018)
- Feed-in Tariff (introduced 2012) - Energy policy following the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant accident (post-2011) - IPCC Sixth Assessment Report (2021) - Tokyo Metropolitan Government "Zero Emission Tokyo Strategy" (2020)