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The Heat of Ashes Illuminates the City Japan, 1965 to 2025 Waste-to-energy plants operate by burning waste to heat boilers, generating high-temperature, high-pressure steam. This steam drives turbines to power generators. While incineration itself is a method of sanitary waste disposal, simultaneously recovering the heat to produce electricity and heat allows waste to be utilized as an energy source. Official U.S. explanations also outline this basic structure: burning waste to create steam, which then drives turbine generators. In Japan, the utilization of waste incineration plant residual heat was recognized early on. The typical explanation describes a process where incineration heat generates steam to turn turbines for power generation, with the electricity used within the plant and surplus sold to the grid. Such facilities reduce external electricity purchases and also serve to supply heat to surrounding facilities in the form of hot or high-temperature water. Historical
ly, Osaka City introduced waste-to-energy in 1965. Initially, power generation was small and primarily consumed within the facility, but improvements in energy circumstances and technology have led to enhanced recovery efficiency. Modern incineration power generation prioritizes generation efficiency and stable operation. Designs that maximize power generation efficiency and thermal utilization rates are required, making regular inspections of boilers and pollution control equipment essential. At the same time, prioritizing reuse and recycling, followed by energy recovery from the remaining combustible waste, is also a crucial aspect. The heat generated by burning waste transforms into electricity and heat behind the scenes of the city. This process is being redefined not merely as cleanup, but as an integral part of resource circulation.