Wednesday, September 9, 2026

Companies Floating in a Sea of Secrecy: The Panama Papers and Mossack Fonseca, 1977–2016

The Panama Papers is a global investigative journalism project based on more than 11.5 million internal documents spanning approximately 40 years that were leaked from the Panamanian law firm Mossack Fonseca. The documents—which include emails, contracts, and company incorporation records—revealed connections between approximately 214,000 offshore entities established in 21 jurisdictions and individuals in over 200 countries and regions. Mossack Fonseca operated on a global scale, setting up companies and trusts that obscured the identities of their actual owners through the use of tax havens and other means. While such arrangements are not inherently illegal, they carry the risk of being exploited for asset concealment, tax evasion, money laundering, and corruption. In 2016, the International Consortium of Investigative Journalists and others analyzed documents obtained by the Süddeutsche Zeitung and reported on the overseas assets linked to politicians, wealthy individuals, and celebrities from various countries. The Panama Papers brought to light the mechanisms through which global funds flow via secret companies, serving as a major catalyst for reexamining financial transparency.

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